2024 NECO GCE Government Questions and Answers Expo Runz

GOVERNMENT-OBJ
01-10: DDDCEBCABD
11-20: DDCDADADBE
21-30: AABCEDEEAB
31-40: EBDECDCDDD
41-50: BEDCECDEDB
51-60: CEBACBDAAE

GOVERNEMNT THEORY- ESSAY-ANSWERS

(1)
(i)Type of Voting Method: This refers to the mechanism by which voters cast their votes, such as first-past-the-post, ranked choice, or proportional representation.

(ii)Vote Counting Process: The method used to tally votes can vary, including simple majority, absolute majority, or preferential counting, which can impact the outcome of the election.

(iii)Districting and Representation: The way electoral districts are drawn affects representation. This includes whether districts are single-member or multi-member and how they are geographically defined.

(iv)Inclusiveness and Accessibility: This characteristic assesses how accessible the electoral process is to various segments of the population, including provisions for voter registration, voting rights, and accommodations for persons with disabilities.

(v)Political Party System: The structure and number of political parties that can participate in the electoral process influences competition and voter choice, including whether the system is dominated by two parties or allows for multiple parties.

(vi)Regulatory Framework: This includes the laws and regulations governing elections, such as campaign financing, electoral commissions, and the administration of the electoral process, which ensure fairness and integrity in the electoral system.

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(2)
(i)Executive Level: This is the highest tier of the civil service, typically comprising senior officials, such as Cabinet members and heads of government agencies. These individuals are responsible for setting policy directions and making high-level decisions that impact the entire civil service and governmental operations.

(ii)Senior Management: Just below the executive level, senior management includes directors and deputy directors of agencies or departments. They oversee major divisions within their organizations, implement policies set by the executive level, and manage resources and personnel.

(iii)Middle Management: This level consists of managers and supervisors who are responsible for specific programs or operational units within agencies. They translate the policies and directives from senior management into actionable plans, coordinate activities, and monitor performance.

(iv)Professional Staff: Professionals in the civil service, such as analysts, advisors, and specialists, operate at a level focused on specific areas of expertise. They conduct research, provide recommendations, and support the implementation of policies and programs.

(v)Administrative Support: This tier includes clerical and administrative personnel who handle the day-to-day operations of the civil service. They manage paperwork, communications, and logistical support, ensuring that the organization runs smoothly.

(vi)Entry-Level Positions: At the base of the civil service structure are entry-level positions, which often include interns, trainees, and junior staff. These roles typically involve routine tasks and provide opportunities for individuals to gain experience and advance within the civil service.

3)
(i)Limited Resources: Many pressure groups operate with limited financial and human resources, which can restrict their ability to conduct extensive campaigns, engage in lobbying, or mobilize supporters. Without adequate funding, they may struggle to compete with larger, more established organizations that have greater access to resources.

(ii)Fragmentation and Internal Conflict: Pressure groups can be fragmented, consisting of various factions with differing priorities and strategies. This internal division can lead to conflicts that undermine their collective efforts, making it difficult to present a unified front when advocating for their goals.

(iii)Public Perception and Awareness: The success of pressure groups often relies on public support and awareness of their issues. If the general public is not informed or does not resonate with the group’s objectives, it can hinder their ability to generate momentum and influence decision-makers. Negative media portrayals can also damage their reputation and credibility.

(iv)Opposition from Established Interests: Pressure groups frequently encounter strong opposition from established interests, such as corporations or powerful political entities, that may have conflicting agendas. These opponents often possess significant influence over policymakers and can mobilize resources to counteract the pressure group’s initiatives.

(v)Regulatory and Legal Constraints: There may be legal restrictions on the activities of pressure groups, including regulations on campaign financing, lobbying, and public demonstrations. Such constraints can limit their ability to organize effectively, advocate for their causes, and engage with the political process.

(vi)Short-Term Focus: Some pressure groups may focus on immediate goals or single issues without a broader strategic vision. This short-term focus can result in missed opportunities for long-term advocacy, coalition building, and sustainable impact

Likely JAMB Cbt English Language Questions and Answers for 2025/2026

4a)
A zero-party system refers to a political framework in which there are no organized political parties or formal party structures. In such a system, political activity and governance occur without the presence of traditional party-based competition.

(4b)
(i)Reduced Partisanship: In a zero-party system, the absence of formal political parties can lead to a reduction in extreme partisanship. This environment may encourage collaboration and consensus-building among various groups and individuals, as there are no entrenched party loyalties that could impede cooperative governance.

(ii)Flexibility in Governance: The lack of rigid party structures allows for a more adaptable governance approach. Decision-makers can respond more directly to the needs and concerns of the populace without being bound by party platforms or ideologies, potentially leading to more effective and timely policy responses.

(iii)Focus on Issues Over Labels: In a zero-party system, political discourse may center more on specific issues rather than party lines. This can foster a more nuanced discussion of policies and problems, encouraging stakeholders to prioritize solutions based on merit rather than political allegiance.

(iv)Increased Participation: Without formal political parties, individuals and groups may feel encouraged to engage directly in the political process. This can lead to increased grassroots activism and community involvement, as citizens may seek alternative avenues for advocacy and representation, thereby enhancing civic engagement.

(v)Reduction of Corruption: With no established political parties, the typical mechanisms of party patronage and corruption may be diminished. This can lead to a more transparent governance process, as there are fewer opportunities for unscrupulous behavior commonly associated with party politics, such as favoritism and the exchange of benefits for political support.

(5)
(i)Promotion of National Sovereignty: One of the primary objectives of Nigeria’s non-alignment policy is to safeguard its national sovereignty. By not aligning with any major power bloc, Nigeria aims to maintain autonomy in its foreign policy decisions and avoid external interference in its domestic affairs.

(ii)Fostering Peace and Security: Nigeria’s non-alignment policy seeks to promote peace and security both domestically and internationally. By advocating for peaceful resolutions to conflicts and supporting disarmament initiatives, Nigeria aims to contribute to global stability and reduce the potential for military confrontations.

(iii)Economic Development: The non-alignment policy allows Nigeria to engage economically with a diverse range of countries without being tethered to the interests of a specific bloc. This objective focuses on attracting foreign investment, enhancing trade relations, and accessing development assistance from various sources, thereby fostering economic growth.

(iv)Support for Global South Solidarity: Nigeria’s non-alignment policy emphasizes solidarity with other developing nations in the Global South. By advocating for the interests of less developed countries, Nigeria seeks to promote equitable global economic structures, address issues of poverty, and enhance cooperation among developing nations.

(v)Active Participation in International Organizations: Through its non-alignment stance, Nigeria aims to play a significant role in international organizations, such as the United Nations and the African Union. This objective involves advocating for reforms that reflect the interests of developing countries and promoting multilateralism as a means to address global challenges.

(vi)Promotion of Human Rights and Social Justice: Nigeria’s non-alignment policy includes a commitment to human rights and social justice. By taking a stand on global human rights issues, Nigeria seeks to advocate for the rights of marginalized groups and promote social equity, aligning its foreign policy with the principles of justice and fairness.

6)
(i)Representation of Northern Interests: One of the primary objectives of the NPC was to ensure that the political, social, and economic interests of the northern region of Nigeria were adequately represented in the federal government. The party sought to advocate for policies that would benefit the northern populace.

(ii)Promotion of Regional Development: The NPC aimed to promote economic and infrastructural development in the northern region. It focused on initiatives that would enhance agricultural productivity, improve education, and develop transportation and healthcare facilities to elevate the standard of living for its constituents.

(iii)Advocacy for Federalism: The NPC supported a federal system of government that would grant substantial autonomy to the regions. The party believed that a federal structure would allow northern Nigeria to exercise greater control over its affairs and resources, thereby fostering regional empowerment.

(iv)Protection of Cultural Heritage: The NPC placed a strong emphasis on the preservation and promotion of the cultural and traditional values of the northern people. This objective included advocating for educational policies that reflected the cultural identity of the region and fostering a sense of pride among the northern populace.

(v)Economic Cooperation and Integration: The party sought to encourage economic cooperation among the northern states and promote regional integration. By fostering collaboration in trade and commerce, the NPC aimed to create a more cohesive economic environment that would benefit the northern region as a whole.

(vi)Political Stability and Unity: The NPC aimed to promote political stability and unity within the northern region and across Nigeria. By advocating for peaceful coexistence among different ethnic and religious groups, the party sought to mitigate conflicts and foster a sense of national unity while representing northern interests

(7)
(i)Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Building robust and independent democratic institutions, such as a well-functioning judiciary, a free press, and accountable legislative bodies, can help create a political environment that resists military interference. These institutions should be empowered to uphold the rule of law and protect civil liberties.

(ii)Civil-Military Relations Training: Implementing programs that focus on civil-military relations can help establish clear boundaries between military and civilian roles. Training military personnel and political leaders on the importance of democracy, the rule of law, and respect for civilian authority can foster a culture of professionalism within the armed forces.

(iii)Promoting Political Inclusiveness: Ensuring that all segments of society are represented in the political process can reduce disenfranchisement and tension. Inclusive governance that addresses the needs and concerns of various groups can diminish the appeal of military intervention as a means to resolve political disputes.

(iv)Establishing Clear Constitutional Provisions: Enshrining clear constitutional provisions that define the roles and limits of military power in governance can deter military involvement in politics. This includes setting strict legal frameworks that outline the conditions under which military forces can be deployed, emphasizing that military intervention in civilian affairs is prohibited.

(v)Encouraging Civil Society Engagement: A vibrant civil society can play a crucial role in monitoring government actions and advocating for democratic practices. Supporting non-governmental organizations, community groups, and grassroots movements can empower citizens to hold their leaders accountable and create a culture of political engagement that discourages military intervention.

(vi)International Support and Monitoring: Engaging with international organizations and allies to monitor political developments can help deter military intervention. External pressure and support for democratic governance, human rights, and the rule of law can create an environment where military actors are less likely to intervene in the political process.

8)
(i)Economic Growth and Development: International relations facilitate trade agreements and economic partnerships that can enhance a country’s economic prospects. By engaging in trade with other nations, countries can access new markets for their goods and services, attract foreign investment, and benefit from the transfer of technology and expertise, ultimately driving economic growth and development.

(ii)Enhanced Security and Stability: Diplomatic relations can foster cooperation on security issues, helping countries address common threats such as terrorism, organized crime, and regional conflicts. Through alliances and partnerships, nations can collaborate on defense strategies, intelligence sharing, and peacekeeping efforts, contributing to a more stable international environment.

(iii)Cultural Exchange and Understanding: International relations promote cultural exchange, allowing countries to share their traditions, values, and ideas. This interaction can lead to greater mutual understanding and respect among different cultures, reducing stereotypes and fostering tolerance. Cultural diplomacy can enhance a nation’s soft power and improve its global image.

(iv)Access to Global Resources: Engaging in international relations allows countries to access resources that may be scarce or unavailable domestically. Through diplomatic negotiations and agreements, nations can secure access to vital natural resources, such as energy, minerals, and food, which are essential for sustaining their economies and addressing the needs of their populations.

(v)Collaboration on Global Issues: Many challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and humanitarian crises, require coordinated international responses. International relations enable countries to collaborate on tackling these global issues through multilateral organizations and treaties. This cooperation can lead to more effective solutions and shared responsibilities in addressing problems that transcend national borders.

(vi)Promotion of Human Rights and Democracy: Through international relations, countries can advocate for human rights and democratic principles on a global scale. By engaging with international human rights organizations and participating in global dialogues, nations can work together to promote and protect individual freedoms, social justice, and the rule of law, contributing to a more just and equitable world.

(9)
(i)Advisory Role: The Oyomesi served as principal advisors to the Alaafin. They provided counsel on various matters, including governance, military strategy, and diplomatic relations. Their extensive experience and knowledge of the political landscape were invaluable for the king in making informed decisions.

(ii)Legislative Functions: The council was responsible for making and approving laws that governed the Oyo Empire. The Oyomesi deliberated on proposed laws and policies, ensuring that they aligned with the customs and traditions of the Yoruba people. Their legislative role helped to maintain order and stability within the society.

(iii)Judicial Authority: The Oyomesi had judicial powers, enabling them to adjudicate disputes and administer justice within the community. They acted as a court of law, resolving conflicts among the people and ensuring that justice was served according to the customs and norms of Yoruba society.

(iv)Military Leadership: The Oyomesi played a significant role in military affairs, advising the Alaafin on matters of defense and warfare. They were responsible for mobilizing warriors during conflicts and strategizing military campaigns. Their leadership was crucial for maintaining the security and territorial integrity of the Oyo Empire.

(v)Cultural Preservation: The Oyomesi was instrumental in preserving and promoting Yoruba culture and traditions. They ensured that cultural practices, rituals, and ceremonies were upheld and respected. This role helped to maintain the cultural identity of the Yoruba people and reinforced the social fabric of the society.

(vi)Conflict Resolution: The Oyomesi acted as mediators in conflicts and disputes within the community. They utilized their authority and respect to facilitate negotiations and peaceful resolutions, preventing escalations that could lead to violence. Their involvement in conflict resolution contributed to social harmony and stability in Oyo society.

10)
(i)Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The primary function of the Security Council is to take measures to prevent and resolve conflicts that threaten international peace and security. This includes addressing issues such as armed aggression, civil wars, and terrorism through diplomatic efforts and, if necessary, the use of force.

(ii)Imposition of Sanctions: The Security Council has the authority to impose sanctions on countries or entities that threaten peace and security. These sanctions can include economic restrictions, trade embargoes, and travel bans aimed at compelling compliance with international law or deterring aggressive behavior.

(iii)Authorization of Military Action: When peaceful measures are inadequate, the Security Council can authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. This includes establishing peacekeeping operations and authorizing military interventions, often carried out by member states or regional organizations.

(iv)Peacekeeping Operations: The Security Council is responsible for establishing and overseeing peacekeeping missions in conflict zones. These missions are designed to maintain ceasefires, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace agreements. The Council assesses the need for peacekeeping forces and defines their mandates.

(v)Investigation and Fact-Finding: The Security Council can initiate investigations into situations that may pose a threat to international peace. It may establish commissions or send fact-finding missions to gather information and assess the situation, which helps inform its decisions and actions.

(vi)Promotion of Disarmament: The Security Council plays a role in promoting disarmament and non-proliferation initiatives. It advocates for the reduction of arms and the prevention of the spread of weapons of mass destruction, contributing to global security and stability.