WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration 2027/2028
By Rabiu Francis ✨ Last Updated: October 16, 2026See the WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration 2027/2028, including mechanics, heat, waves, electricity, magnetism, atomic physics, practicals and calculations.
The WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 will help you organise your preparation around the major topics contained in the Physics syllabus.
Physics requires both understanding and calculation. You should be able to explain physical principles, use the correct scientific terms and units, solve numerical problems, interpret graphs and diagrams, and carry out practical experiments accurately.
READ: Access 2027 WAEC Questions and Answers in all Subjects – Free Study Guide
ALSO READ: WAEC Specimens 2027
The major areas covered are:
- Matter, Space and Time
- Measurement
- Motion
- Forces
- Scalars and Vectors
- Equilibrium
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- Newton’s Laws
- Energy
- Work, Power and Machines
- Heat
- Waves
- Light
- Sound
- Gravitational Field
- Electric Field
- Current Electricity
- Magnetism
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current
- Atomic Physics
- Nuclear Physics
- Electronics
- Practical Physics
- Harmonised Short-Structured Topics
READ ALSO: WAEC Biology Syllabus 2027/2028 Questions PDF Download
WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration at a Glance
For your revision, concentrate on:
- Concept of Matter
- Particle Nature of Matter
- Brownian Motion
- Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Solids, Liquids and Gases
- Cohesion and Adhesion
- Capillarity
- Crystalline and Amorphous Substances
- Fundamental Quantities
- Derived Quantities
- SI Units
- Position
- Distance
- Displacement
- Direction and Bearing
- Measurement of Length
- Metre Rule
- Vernier Calipers
- Micrometer Screw Gauge
- Mass
- Weight
- Measurement of Time
- Volume
- Density
- Relative Density
- Pressure in Fluids
- Pascal’s Principle
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Barometer
- Manometer
- Siphon
- Archimedes’ Principle
- Law of Flotation
- Types of Motion
- Relative Motion
- Force
- Contact Forces
- Non-contact Forces
- Friction
- Viscosity
- Circular Motion
- Speed
- Velocity
- Distance-Time Graph
- Displacement-Time Graph
- Acceleration
- Deceleration
- Velocity-Time Graph
- Equations of Motion
- Motion Under Gravity
- Scalars
- Vectors
- Vector Addition
- Resolution of Vectors
- Resultant Velocity
- Principle of Moments
- Equilibrium of Forces
- Centre of Gravity
- Stability
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- Period
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Energy of SHM
- Forced Vibration
- Resonance
- Newton’s First Law
- Newton’s Second Law
- Newton’s Third Law
- Momentum
- Impulse
- Conservation of Momentum
- Forms of Energy
- Renewable Energy
- Non-renewable Energy
- Conservation of Energy
- Work
- Mechanical Energy
- Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy
- Power
- Simple Machines
- Mechanical Advantage
- Velocity Ratio
- Efficiency
- Temperature
- Thermometers
- Thermal Expansion
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’ Law
- Pressure Law
- General Gas Law
- Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Specific Latent Heat
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
- Evaporation
- Vapour Pressure
- Humidity
- Relative Humidity
- Dew Point
- Production of Waves
- Propagation of Waves
- Frequency
- Wavelength
- Period
- Wave Velocity
- Transverse Waves
- Longitudinal Waves
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Interference
- Superposition
- Stationary Waves
- Sources of Light
- Rectilinear Propagation of Light
- Plane Mirrors
- Curved Mirrors
- Concave Mirrors
- Convex Mirrors
- Refraction Through Glass
- Prisms
- Converging Lenses
- Diverging Lenses
- Optical Instruments
- Human Eye
- Defects of Vision
- Dispersion
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Sound Waves
- Speed of Sound
- Echo
- Reverberation
- Pitch
- Loudness
- Quality of Sound
- Vibrating Strings
- Resonance
- Harmonics and Overtones
- Open Pipes
- Closed Pipes
- Gravitational Field
- Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Gravitational Potential
- Escape Velocity
- Electrostatics
- Production of Charges
- Electric Lines of Force
- Coulomb’s Law
- Electric Field Intensity
- Electric Potential
- Capacitance
- Capacitors in Series and Parallel
- Electric Cells
- Electromotive Force
- Potential Difference
- Electric Current
- Ohm’s Law
- Resistance
- Series and Parallel Circuits
- Internal Resistance
- Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Resistivity
- Conductivity
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Potentiometer
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Magnetic Materials
- Magnetization
- Demagnetization
- Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Flux
- Magnetic Flux Density
- Electromagnets
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Electromagnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left-hand Rule
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday’s Law
- Lenz’s Law
- Generator
- Transformer
- Inductance
- Eddy Currents
- Power Transmission
- Alternating Current
- Peak and RMS Values
- Reactance
- Impedance
- A.C. Resonance
- Structure of the Atom
- Atomic Models
- Energy Quantization
- Photoelectric Effect
- Thermionic Emission
- X-rays
- Structure of the Nucleus
- Radioactivity
- Half-life
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Mass Defect
- Binding Energy
- Wave-particle Duality
- Electron Diffraction
- Dimensional Analysis
- Projectile Motion
- Satellites
- Rockets
- Hooke’s Law
- Young’s Modulus
- Elastic Energy
- Thermal Conductivity
- Solar Energy Collector
- Blackbody Radiation
- Fibre Optics
- LASER
- Semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Extrinsic Semiconductors
- P-type Semiconductor
- N-type Semiconductor
- Junction Diode
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Rectification
- Diffusion
- Practical Physics
These areas are drawn from the detailed syllabus and the harmonised short-structured topics included at the end of the document.
Part I Interaction of Matter, Space and Time
The first major section covers:
- Matter
- Measurement
- Motion
- Forces
- Vectors
- Equilibrium
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- Newton’s Laws
Concept of Matter
Study the simple structure of matter and the three physical states:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
The syllabus expects the particle nature of matter to be explained using evidence such as Brownian motion and the kinetic theory of matter.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Use the kinetic theory to explain:
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
- Gas Pressure
- Evaporation
- Boiling
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Capillarity
Crystalline and Amorphous Substances
Be able to compare:
- Crystalline Substances
- Amorphous Substances
The syllabus also mentions atomic arrangements such as:
- Face-centred Structures
- Body-centred Structures
Fundamental Quantities and Units
Study the fundamental quantities and their SI units.
Examples listed include:
- Length — metre (m)
- Mass — kilogram (kg)
- Time — second (s)
- Electric Current — ampere (A)
- Luminous Intensity — candela (cd)
- Thermodynamic Temperature — kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance — mole (mol)
Derived Quantities
Examples include:
- Volume
- Density
- Speed
You should be able to derive or recognize the correct units.
Position, Distance and Displacement
Study:
- Position
- Rectangular Coordinates
- X, Y and Z Axes
- Distance
- Direction
- Bearing
- Displacement
Measuring Distance
You should know how to use:
- String
- Metre Rule
- Vernier Calipers
- Micrometer Screw Gauge
Pay attention to accuracy and correct units.
Mass and Weight
Be able to distinguish between:
- Mass
- Weight
Know the instruments used to measure them.
Mass may be measured with:
- Lever Balance
- Beam Balance
- Electronic/Digital Balance
Weight may be measured with a:
- Spring Balance
Time
Study:
- Meaning of Time
- Measurement of Time
Examples of timing devices include:
- Heartbeat
- Sand Clock
- Ticker Timer
- Pendulum
- Stopwatch
- Clock
Fluid at Rest
Important areas include:
- Volume
- Density
- Relative Density
- Pressure
- Archimedes’ Principle
- Law of Flotation
Pressure in Fluids
Study:
- Meaning of Pressure
- Pascal’s Principle
- Pressure and Depth
- Atmospheric Pressure
Applications include:
- Hydraulic Press
- Car Brakes
Instruments Related to Fluid Pressure
Prepare:
- Barometer
- Manometer
- Siphon
- Syringe
- Pump
- U-tube
- Hare’s Apparatus
Archimedes’ Principle
Understand:
- Upthrust
- Floating
- Relative Density Determination
You should also know how the principle applies to bodies partially or completely immersed in fluids.
Law of Flotation
Study the conditions under which a body floats.
Applications include:
- Hydrometers
- Balloons
- Boats
- Ships
- Submarines
Motion
The syllabus lists several types of motion:
- Random
- Rectilinear
- Translational
- Rotational
- Circular
- Orbital
- Spin
- Oscillatory
Relative Motion
Understand motion relative to another observer or object.
Force
Force should be understood as a cause of motion.
Study:
- Push
- Pull
and the main classes of forces.
Contact Forces
These require physical contact between objects.
Non-contact Forces
The syllabus gives field forces such as:
- Electric Force
- Magnetic Force
- Gravitational Force
Friction
Study:
- Static Friction
- Dynamic Friction
- Limiting Friction
- Coefficient of Friction
Advantages of Friction
Examples include:
- Walking or Locomotion
- Friction Belts
- Grindstones
Disadvantages of Friction
Examples include:
- Reduced Efficiency
- Wear and Tear
Reducing Friction
Methods include:
- Ball Bearings
- Rollers
- Streamlining
- Lubrication
Viscosity
Study viscosity as friction in fluids.
Understand:
- Meaning
- Effects
- Terminal Velocity
- Applications in Lubrication
Circular Motion
Understand:
- Angular Speed
- Linear Speed
- Centripetal Force
The syllabus also expects qualitative understanding of banking of roads.
Speed and Velocity
Study:
- Speed
- Velocity
- Uniform Speed
- Non-uniform Speed
- Uniform Velocity
- Non-uniform Velocity
Graphs of Motion
Practise:
- Distance-Time Graphs
- Displacement-Time Graphs
You should be able to obtain information such as speed or velocity from a graph.
Acceleration
Study:
- Acceleration
- Deceleration
- Uniform Acceleration
- Non-uniform Acceleration
Velocity-Time Graph
Understand how to determine:
- Acceleration
- Displacement
from velocity-time graphs.
Equations of Motion
Practise numerical problems involving constant acceleration.
Also prepare motion under gravity as a special case.
Scalars and Vectors
Scalars have magnitude but no direction.
Examples include:
- Mass
- Distance
- Speed
- Time
Vectors have magnitude and direction.
Examples include:
- Weight
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
Vector Representation
Study:
- Addition of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Resultant Vectors
You should be able to solve vector problems both analytically and graphically.
Equilibrium of Forces
Study:
- Principle of Moments
- Torque
- Couples
- Conditions for Equilibrium
- Parallelogram of Forces
- Triangle of Forces
Centre of Gravity and Stability
Prepare:
- Stable Equilibrium
- Unstable Equilibrium
- Neutral Equilibrium
Simple Harmonic Motion
Study:
- Definition
- Illustration
- Speed
- Acceleration
- Period
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Energy
- Forced Vibration
- Resonance
Practical examples include:
- Simple Pendulum
- Spiral Spring
- Loaded Test Tube
- Bifilar Suspension
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Prepare all three laws.
Newton’s First Law
Study:
- Inertia of Rest
- Inertia of Motion
Newton’s Second Law
Study:
- Force
- Acceleration
- Momentum
- Impulse
Newton’s Third Law
Understand:
- Action
- Reaction
Momentum
Study:
- Linear Momentum
- Conservation of Momentum
- Elastic Collisions
Applications include:
- Recoil of a Gun
- Jet Propulsion
- Rocket Propulsion
Part II Energy Mechanical and Heat
The second major section covers:
- Energy
- Work
- Power
- Machines
- Heat
Forms of Energy
Study examples such as:
- Mechanical
- Heat
- Chemical
- Electrical
- Light
- Sound
- Nuclear
World Energy Resources
The syllabus divides energy sources into:
Renewable
Examples include:
- Solar
- Wind
- Tides
- Hydro
- Ocean Waves
Non-renewable
Examples listed include:
- Petroleum
- Coal
- Nuclear
Conservation of Energy
Know the principle and be able to apply it to energy transformations.
Work
Understand work as a measure of energy transfer.
Know the SI unit:
Joule (J)
Mechanical Energy
Study:
- Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy
Practise calculations involving both.
Power
Understand power as the rate of doing work.
Unit:
Watt (W)
Simple Machines
Study:
- Levers
- Pulleys
- Inclined Plane
- Wedge
- Screw
- Wheel and Axle
- Gears
Machine Calculations
Know:
- Force Ratio
- Mechanical Advantage
- Velocity Ratio
- Efficiency
Heat Energy
Important topics include:
- Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Heat Transfer
- Gas Laws
- Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Evaporation
- Vapour Pressure
- Humidity
Temperature
Study:
- Meaning
- Measurement
- Thermometric Properties
Thermometers
The syllabus includes:
- Constant-volume Gas Thermometer
- Resistance Thermometer
- Thermocouple
- Liquid-in-glass Thermometer
- Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
- Clinical Thermometer
Pyrometers should also be mentioned.
Effects of Heat on Matter
Study:
- Rise in Temperature
- Change of State
- Expansion
- Change in Resistance
- Colour Change
- Thermionic Emission
- Chemical Changes
Thermal Expansion
Prepare:
- Linear Expansion
- Area Expansion
- Volume Expansion
Applications include:
- Buildings
- Bridges
- Bimetallic Strips
- Thermostats
- Overhead Cables
- Railway Lines
Also study:
- Real Expansion of Liquids
- Apparent Expansion
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
Heat Transfer
The three major methods are:
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
Applications include:
- Land and Sea Breezes
- Ventilation
- Cooling Devices
- Vacuum Flask
Gas Laws
Study:
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’ Law
- Pressure Law
- General Gas Law
Practise simple numerical problems.
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
Study:
- Meaning
- Determination
- Units
The syllabus mentions the:
- Method of Mixtures
- Electrical Method
Latent Heat
Study:
- Latent Heat
- Specific Latent Heat
- Fusion
- Vaporization
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
Applications include:
- Refrigerators
- Air Conditioners
- Pressure Cookers
Evaporation
Study factors affecting evaporation:
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Surface Area
- Draught
Vapour Pressure
Prepare:
- Vapour
- Vapour Pressure
- Saturated Vapour Pressure
Humidity
Study:
- Humidity
- Relative Humidity
- Dew Point
- Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer
Also understand:
- Dew
- Fog
- Rain
Part III Waves
The major areas include:
- Wave Production
- Wave Propagation
- Types of Waves
- Wave Properties
- Light
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Sound
Production and Propagation of Waves
Study:
- Mechanical Waves
- Frequency
- Wavelength
- Period
- Wave Velocity
- Amplitude
Know the relationship:
v = fλ
Types of Waves
Prepare:
- Transverse Waves
- Longitudinal Waves
Properties of Waves
Study:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Interference
- Superposition
- Stationary Waves
Light Waves
The syllabus covers:
- Sources of Light
- Rectilinear Propagation
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Mirrors
- Lenses
- Optical Instruments
- Dispersion
Sources of Light
Understand:
- Natural Sources
- Artificial Sources
- Luminous Bodies
- Non-luminous Bodies
Rectilinear Propagation of Light
Prepare:
- Shadows
- Eclipses
- Pinhole Camera
Plane Mirrors
Study:
- Laws of Reflection
- Image Formation
- Regular Reflection
- Irregular Reflection
Applications include:
- Periscope
- Sextant
- Kaleidoscope
Curved Mirrors
Study:
- Concave Mirrors
- Convex Mirrors
- Image Formation
- Mirror Formula
- Magnification
Applications include:
- Searchlights
- Driving Mirrors
- Car Headlamps
Refraction
Prepare:
- Laws of Refraction
- Real Depth
- Apparent Depth
- Critical Angle
- Total Internal Reflection
- Lateral Displacement
- Angle of Deviation
Prisms
Study:
- Rectangular Glass Blocks
- Triangular Prisms
- Minimum Deviation
Lenses
Prepare:
- Converging Lenses
- Diverging Lenses
- Image Formation
- Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Power of Lens
Optical Instruments
Study:
- Camera
- Human Eye
- Film Projector
- Simple Microscope
- Compound Microscope
- Terrestrial Telescope
- Astronomical Telescope
- Prism Binoculars
Defects of the Eye
Study common eye defects and their corrections within the scope of the syllabus.
Dispersion
Understand:
- Dispersion of White Light
- Spectrum
- Recombination of Colours
- Colour of Objects
- Mixing Coloured Light
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Study the main electromagnetic radiations:
- Radio Waves
- Infrared
- Visible Light
- Ultraviolet
- X-rays
- Gamma Rays
Know their basic properties and uses.
Sound Waves
Study:
- Sources of Sound
- Transmission
- Speed of Sound
- Echoes
- Reverberation
- Noise and Music
- Characteristics of Sound
Characteristics of Sound
Prepare:
- Pitch
- Loudness
- Quality
Vibrating Strings
Study the relationship between frequency and:
- Length
- Tension
- Mass per Unit Length
Applications include:
- Guitar
- Piano
- Harp
- Violin
Forced Vibration and Resonance
Prepare resonance using examples such as:
- Resonance Boxes
- Sonometer
Harmonics and Overtones
Understand their relationship with the quality of musical sounds.
Air Columns
Study vibration in:
- Open Pipes
- Closed Pipes
Applications include:
- Organ
- Flute
- Trumpet
- Horn
- Clarinet
- Saxophone
Part IV Fields
This section covers:
- Gravitational Field
- Electric Field
- Magnetic Field
- Electromagnetic Field
- Alternating Current
Concept of Fields
Study:
- Gravitational Field
- Electric Field
- Magnetic Field
Understand basic field properties.
Gravitational Field
Prepare:
- Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Gravitational Field Intensity
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Gravitational Potential
- Escape Velocity
Electrostatics
Study:
- Production of Charges
- Friction
- Induction
- Contact
- Distribution of Charge
- Electroscope
- Electric Lines of Force
Coulomb’s Law
Understand the electric force between point charges.
Electric Field
Prepare:
- Electric Field Intensity
- Electric Potential
- Potential Gradient
Capacitance
Study:
- Meaning
- Parallel-plate Capacitor
- Capacitors in Series
- Capacitors in Parallel
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Applications include electronics such as radio and television equipment.
Current Electricity
Important topics include:
- Cells
- E.m.f.
- Potential Difference
- Current
- Resistance
- Electric Circuits
- Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
Electric Cells
Study:
- Simple Cell
- Daniel Cell
- Leclanché Cell
- Lead-acid Accumulator
- Alkaline Cells
Ohm’s Law
Understand:
- Current
- Voltage
- Resistance
Practise verification of Ohm’s law and numerical problems.
Series and Parallel Connections
Prepare:
- Cells in Series and Parallel
- Resistors in Series and Parallel
- Internal Resistance
- Lost Volts
Electrical Conduction
Understand the difference between:
- Ohmic Conductors
- Non-ohmic Conductors
- Metals
- Semiconductors
Electrical Energy and Power
Study the heating effect of current and energy conversions.
Applications include:
- Electric Motors
- Solar Cells
- Solar Heaters
Shunts and Multipliers
Study their use in converting a galvanometer into:
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
Resistivity and Conductivity
Understand factors affecting resistance.
Electrical Measurements
Prepare the use and operating principles of:
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Potentiometer
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Metre Bridge
Magnetic Field
Study:
- Magnets
- Magnetic Materials
- Magnetization
- Demagnetization
- Magnetic Flux
- Magnetic Flux Density
- Magnetic Field Patterns
Magnetic Materials
Know the differences between:
- Soft Iron
- Steel
- Alloys
- Temporary Magnets
- Permanent Magnets
Magnetic Field Around Conductors
Study magnetic fields around:
- Permanent Magnets
- Current-carrying Conductors
- Solenoids
Magnetic Force
Prepare magnetic forces:
- On a Current-carrying Conductor
- Between Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- On Moving Charged Particles
Electromagnets
Applications include:
- Electric Bell
- Telephone Earpiece
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Study:
- Mariner’s Compass
- Angle of Dip
- Magnetic Declination
Electromagnetic Field
Understand Fleming’s Left-hand Rule for determining directions of:
- Current
- Magnetic Field
- Force
Electromagnetic Induction
Study:
- Faraday’s Law
- Lenz’s Law
- Motor-generator Effect
Applications include:
- D.C. Generator
- A.C. Generator
- Induction Coil
- Transformer
Inductance
Study:
- Self-inductance
- Mutual Inductance
Unit:
Henry (H)
Eddy Currents
Understand:
- Meaning
- Reduction of Eddy Current Losses
- Applications
Examples include:
- Induction Furnaces
- Speedometers
Power Transmission
Study the reduction of power losses in high-voltage transmission.
The syllabus also includes household wiring systems.
Alternating Current
Prepare:
- A.C. Waveform
- E.m.f.
- Current
- Peak Values
- RMS Values
- Resistor
- Inductor
- Capacitor
Reactance and Impedance
Study:
- Inductive Reactance
- Capacitive Reactance
- Impedance
Practise simple calculations.
Resonance in A.C. Circuits
Understand resonance and applications such as tuning circuits in:
- Radio
- Television
Part V Atomic and Nuclear Physics
The final major section covers:
- Atomic Structure
- Nuclear Structure
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear Reactions
- Wave-particle Duality
Structure of the Atom
Study the atomic models of:
- Thomson
- Rutherford
- Bohr
- Electron-cloud or Wave-mechanical Model
Understand the limitations of each model.
Energy Quantization
Prepare:
- Energy Levels
- Atomic Spectra
- Emission Spectra
- Absorption Spectra
- Discharge Lamps
The syllabus also mentions the Franck-Hertz experiment.
Photoelectric Effect
Study:
- Meaning
- Work Function
- Threshold Frequency
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation
- Dual Nature of Light
Thermionic Emission
Understand the phenomenon and its applications.
X-rays
Study:
- Production
- X-ray Tube
- Types
- Characteristics
- Properties
- Uses
- Hazards
- Safety Precautions
Structure of the Nucleus
Prepare:
- Proton
- Neutron
- Nucleon Number
- Proton Number
- Neutron Number
- Nuclides
- Isotopes
Radioactivity
Study:
- Natural Radioactivity
- Artificial Radioactivity
- Radioactive Emissions
- Detection of Radiation
- Radioactive Decay
- Half-life
- Decay Constant
Applications of Radioactivity
The syllabus includes applications in:
- Agriculture
- Medicine
- Industry
- Archaeology
Nuclear Reactions
Prepare:
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Binding Energy
- Mass Defect
- Einstein’s Energy Relation
E = mc²
Nuclear Applications and Safety
Study:
- Nuclear Reactors
- Atomic Bomb
- Radiation Hazards
- Safety Precautions
- Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
Wave-particle Duality
Study:
- Electron Diffraction
- Duality of Matter
- Dual Nature of Light
Harmonised Short-Structured Topics
The syllabus contains a separate group of harmonised topics for short-structured questions for all member countries.
These deserve special attention.
Dimensional Analysis
Study:
- Fundamental Quantities
- Derived Quantities
- Dimensions
- Derived Units
Uses of dimensional analysis include:
- Checking Dimensional Correctness
- Deriving Relationships
- Obtaining Derived Units
Projectile Motion
Study:
- Meaning of Projectile
- Range
- Maximum Height
- Time of Flight
Applications include:
- Sports
- Warfare
Practise numerical problems.
Satellites and Rockets
Study:
- Natural Satellites
- Artificial Satellites
- Parking Orbits
- Geostationary Satellites
- Period of Revolution
- Satellite Speed
- Uses of Satellites
- Uses of Rockets
Elastic Properties of Solids
Prepare:
- Hooke’s Law
- Load-extension Graph
- Young’s Modulus
- Work Done in Springs
- Elastic Materials
Thermal Conductivity
Study the basic concept and applications.
Solar Energy Collectors
Understand solar panels used for heat-energy supply.
Blackbody Radiation
Study:
- Meaning of Blackbody
- Intensity
- Wavelength
- Effect of Temperature
Fibre Optics
Prepare:
- Meaning
- Total Internal Reflection
- Transmission of Light
- Optical Fibre
Applications include:
- Local Area Networks
- Medicine
- Sensing Devices
- Laser Transmission
LASER
Study:
- Meaning of LASER
- Types
- Applications
- Dangers
The syllabus lists:
- Solid-state Lasers
- Gas Lasers
- Liquid Lasers
- Semiconductor Lasers
Applications of Lasers
Examples include:
- Scientific Research
- Communication
- Medicine
- Military Technology
- Holography
Electronic Conduction Through Materials
Study the distinction between:
- Conductors
- Semiconductors
- Insulators
using band theory within the syllabus scope.
Semiconductor Materials
Important examples include:
- Silicon
- Germanium
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Understand:
- Meaning
- Charge Carriers
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Study:
- Doping
- P-type Semiconductor
- N-type Semiconductor
Junction Diode
Prepare:
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Voltage Characteristics
- Uses of Diodes
Rectification
Study:
- Half-wave Rectification
- Full-wave Rectification
Structure of Matter
The harmonised section also requires the kinetic theory to explain diffusion.
Practical Physics Areas of Concentration
Physics practical work is important throughout the syllabus.
Paper 3 is a practical examination for school candidates and an alternative-to-practical paper for private candidates.
The source syllabus states that candidates answer two of three questions in 2¾ hours for 50 marks.
Measurement Practicals
Be comfortable using:
- Metre Rule
- Vernier Calipers
- Micrometer Screw Gauge
- Stopwatch
- Balance
- Spring Balance
Mechanics Practicals
Practise experiments involving:
- Density
- Relative Density
- Moments
- Equilibrium
- Friction
- Simple Pendulum
- Springs
- Acceleration
Heat Practicals
Prepare experiments involving:
- Temperature
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Gas Laws
Optics Practicals
Practise:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Concave Mirrors
- Convex Lenses
- Focal Length
- Glass Blocks
- Prisms
Electricity Practicals
Prepare experiments involving:
- Ohm’s Law
- Resistance
- Series Circuits
- Parallel Circuits
- Potentiometer
- Metre Bridge
- Internal Resistance
Graphs in Physics Practical
You should be able to:
- Plot Graphs
- Choose Suitable Scales
- Label Axes
- Determine Gradient
- Determine Intercept
- Interpret Results
Experimental Precautions
The syllabus expects candidates to state precautions necessary for accurate experimental results.
You should understand:
- Avoiding Parallax Error
- Taking Repeated Measurements
- Correct Zero Reading
- Proper Positioning of Apparatus
- Recording Units
- Appropriate Significant Figures
where applicable to the particular experiment.
WAEC Physics Paper 1 Areas of Concentration
Paper 1 contains 50 multiple-choice questions and lasts 1¼ hours for 50 marks.
Prepare the complete syllabus, especially:
- Definitions
- Formulae
- SI Units
- Graphs
- Laws
- Applications
- Calculations
WAEC Physics Paper 2 Areas of Concentration
Paper 2 lasts 1½ hours and carries 60 marks.
Section A
There are seven short-structured questions.
You answer five for 15 marks.
Section B
There are five essay questions.
You answer three for 45 marks.
For Paper 2, practise:
- Calculations
- Explanations
- Derivations Required by the Syllabus
- Graph Interpretation
- Diagrams
- Applications of Physical Principles
Best Order to Study WAEC Physics
Stage 1 Measurement and Mechanics
Start with:
- Matter
- Quantities and Units
- Measurement
- Distance and Displacement
- Mass and Weight
- Fluids
- Motion
- Speed and Velocity
- Acceleration
- Vectors
- Equilibrium
- SHM
- Newton’s Laws
Stage 2 Energy and Heat
Study:
- Energy
- Work
- Power
- Machines
- Temperature
- Expansion
- Heat Transfer
- Gas Laws
- Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Humidity
Stage 3 Waves and Optics
Prepare:
- Wave Motion
- Wave Properties
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Mirrors
- Lenses
- Optical Instruments
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Sound
- Resonance
Stage 4 Fields and Electricity
Study:
- Gravitational Field
- Electrostatics
- Electric Field
- Current Electricity
- Ohm’s Law
- Resistance
- Electrical Energy
- Capacitance
- Magnetism
- Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Circuits
Stage 5 Modern Physics and Electronics
Prepare:
- Atomic Models
- Energy Quantization
- Photoelectric Effect
- X-rays
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Wave-particle Duality
- Semiconductors
- Diodes
- Rectification
Stage 6 Harmonised Topics
Give special attention to:
- Dimensional Analysis
- Projectile Motion
- Satellites and Rockets
- Hooke’s Law
- Young’s Modulus
- Fibre Optics
- LASER
- Semiconductors
Stage 7 Practical Physics
Continue practical work throughout your preparation rather than leaving it until the end.
How to Use These WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration
Start With the Complete Syllabus
Use the syllabus as your main checklist.
READ ALSO: WAEC Physics Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download
Learn Formulae With Their Meanings
Do not memorise formulas without understanding the quantities involved.
For every formula, know:
Formula → Meaning of Symbols → SI Units → When to Use It
Practise Calculations Daily
Physics calculations become easier with regular practice.
Concentrate on:
- Mechanics
- Energy
- Heat
- Waves
- Optics
- Electricity
- Gravitation
- A.C. Circuits
- Atomic Physics
Learn SI Units
The syllabus states that questions will be set in SI units, although multiples and submultiples may be used.
Always include the correct unit in your final answer.
Practise Graphs
Give attention to:
- Distance-Time Graph
- Displacement-Time Graph
- Velocity-Time Graph
- Load-Extension Graph
- Electrical Graphs
- Practical Graphs
Practise Diagrams
Be able to draw clear labelled diagrams for:
- Ray Diagrams
- Electric Circuits
- Field Patterns
- Optical Instruments
- Experimental Setups
Pay Attention to Practical Work
The syllabus specifically states that candidates should be involved in practical activities while covering the course.
Do not prepare Physics as theory alone.
What Should You Focus on Most for WAEC Physics?
You should cover the whole syllabus, but make sure you are particularly confident in:
- Measurement
- Scalars and Vectors
- Motion
- Equations of Motion
- Newton’s Laws
- Equilibrium
- Work, Energy and Power
- Machines
- Heat
- Gas Laws
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Waves
- Light
- Mirrors
- Lenses
- Sound
- Gravitational Field
- Electrostatics
- Current Electricity
- Ohm’s Law
- Electrical Circuits
- Magnetism
- Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Circuits
- Atomic Structure
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear Physics
- Projectile Motion
- Dimensional Analysis
- Fibre Optics
- LASER
- Semiconductors
- Diodes
- Practical Physics
Frequently Asked Questions
What Are the WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration for 2027?
The major areas are Mechanics, Energy, Heat, Waves, Optics, Sound, Gravitational Field, Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Electronics and Practical Physics.
Is Measurement Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Fundamental Quantities
- Derived Quantities
- SI Units
- Metre Rule
- Vernier Calipers
- Micrometer Screw Gauge
Is Motion Included?
Yes.
Prepare speed, velocity, acceleration, motion graphs and equations of uniformly accelerated motion.
Are Newton’s Laws Included?
Yes.
You should understand all three laws and their applications.
Is Simple Harmonic Motion Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Period
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Energy
- Resonance
- Forced Vibration
Is Heat Included?
Yes.
Prepare:
- Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Heat Transfer
- Gas Laws
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Latent Heat
- Evaporation
- Humidity
Is Light Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Mirrors
- Lenses
- Prisms
- Optical Instruments
- Dispersion
Is Sound Included?
Yes.
Prepare:
- Sound Transmission
- Speed
- Echo
- Resonance
- Vibrating Strings
- Air Columns
- Pitch
- Loudness
- Quality
Is Electricity Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Electrostatics
- Electric Field
- Current
- E.m.f.
- Resistance
- Ohm’s Law
- Electrical Power
- Capacitors
- Measuring Instruments
Is Magnetism Included?
Yes.
Prepare:
- Magnets
- Magnetic Fields
- Electromagnets
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Force
Is Electromagnetic Induction Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Faraday’s Law
- Lenz’s Law
- Generator
- Transformer
- Inductance
- Eddy Currents
Are A.C. Circuits Included?
Yes.
Prepare:
- Peak Values
- RMS Values
- Reactance
- Impedance
- Resonance
- Power
Is Atomic Physics Included?
Yes.
Study atomic models, energy levels, photoelectric effect, thermionic emission and X-rays.
Is Nuclear Physics Included?
Yes.
Prepare:
- Radioactivity
- Half-life
- Fission
- Fusion
- Mass Defect
- Binding Energy
- Radiation Safety
Is Projectile Motion Included?
Yes.
It appears among the harmonised short-structured topics.
Are Satellites and Rockets Included?
Yes.
Study natural and artificial satellites, geostationary orbits, period, speed and uses.
Is Hooke’s Law Included?
Yes.
You should also study Young’s modulus and load-extension graphs.
Is Fibre Optics Included?
Yes.
Study its principle and applications.
Is LASER Included?
Yes.
Prepare the meaning, types, applications and dangers of lasers.
Are Semiconductors Included?
Yes.
Study:
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- P-type
- N-type
- Junction Diode
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Rectification
Is Practical Physics Important?
Yes.
Paper 3 is a practical examination for school candidates or an alternative-to-practical paper for private candidates.
How Many Questions Are in Physics Paper 1?
Paper 1 contains 50 multiple-choice questions.
How Long Is Physics Paper 1?
The syllabus gives 1¼ hours for Paper 1.
How Long Is Physics Paper 2?
Paper 2 lasts 1½ hours and carries 60 marks.
How Many Questions Do I Answer in Physics Paper 2?
In Section A, you answer five out of seven short-structured questions.
In Section B, you answer three out of five essay questions.
How Long Is Physics Paper 3?
The syllabus gives 2¾ hours for Paper 3.
How Many Practical Questions Do I Answer?
You answer two out of three questions.
Where Can I Download the Complete WAEC Physics Syllabus?
Use the WAEC Physics Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download page.
Where Can I Find Areas of Concentration for Other WAEC Subjects?
Use the WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects page.
Conclusion
The WAEC Physics Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 cover Mechanics, Energy, Heat, Waves, Optics, Sound, Fields, Electricity, Magnetism, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Electronics and practical work.
For Mechanics, concentrate on measurement, motion, vectors, equilibrium, simple harmonic motion and Newton’s laws.
For Energy and Heat, study work, power, machines, thermal expansion, heat transfer, gas laws, specific heat capacity, latent heat and humidity.
For Waves, prepare wave properties, light, mirrors, lenses, optical instruments, electromagnetic waves and sound.
For Fields, give strong attention to gravitation, electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction and alternating-current circuits.
For Modern Physics, study atomic models, photoelectric effect, X-rays, radioactivity, fission, fusion and wave-particle duality.
Also give special attention to the harmonised topics such as dimensional analysis, projectile motion, satellites and rockets, Hooke’s law, fibre optics, LASER and semiconductors.
Use the complete syllabus as your main checklist, practise numerical problems regularly, learn your SI units and formulas, and combine theory with practical experiments and WAEC past questions.
READ ALSO: WAEC Physics Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download
READ ALSO: WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects
READ ALSO: WAEC Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download for All Subjects
READ ALSO: WAEC Timetable 2027
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