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title: "WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028"
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date: 2026-10-13
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# WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028

See the WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028, including field crops, vegetables, nursery practices, ornamental plants, landscaping and practical topics.

The **WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028** will help you organise your revision around the major crop-production, vegetable-production, ornamental-horticulture, landscaping and practical topics contained in the syllabus.

[![WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028](https://examloaded.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/WAEC-Horticulture-and-Crop-Production-Areas-of-Concentration-2027-2028-300x205.webp)](https://examloaded.com/waec-horticulture-and-crop-production-areas-of-concentration/waec-horticulture-and-crop-production-areas-of-concentration-2027-2028/)WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028
The subject requires both theoretical knowledge and practical agricultural skills. You are expected to understand factors affecting crop production, identify and classify important crops, explain how crops are propagated and managed, recognise pests and diseases, carry out nursery and field practices, handle harvested produce correctly and understand the business side of crop production.

**READ:** [Access 2027 WAEC Questions and Answers in all Subjects – Free Study Guide](/waec-questions-and-answers/)

**ALSO READ:** [WAEC Specimens 2027](/waec-specimens-practicals/)

The major areas you should concentrate on include:

- Factors Affecting Crop Production
- Classification of Field Crops
- Distribution of Crops in West Africa
- Crop Breeding and Improvement
- Seed Production
- Cereal Production
- Legume Production
- Root and Tuber Crop Production
- Cotton Production
- Sugarcane Production
- Fruit Crop Production
- Tree Crop Production
- Vegetable Production
- Specific Vegetable Crops
- Nursery Practices
- Ornamental Plants
- House Plants
- Lawns
- Hedges
- Beds and Borders
- Landscaping
- Crop-Based Vocations
- Farm Tools and Equipment
- Soil Properties
- Seed Testing
- Fertilizer Application
- Weed Management
- Pest and Disease Control
- Irrigation
- Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling
- Farm Records
- Practical Horticulture

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download](/waec-horticulture-and-crop-production-syllabus/)

## WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration at a Glance

Important topics to give attention to include:

- Solar Radiation
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Wind
- Soil Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Crop Classification
- Crop Life Cycles
- Crop Distribution
- Good Planting Materials
- Crop Introduction
- Selection
- Hybridization
- Seed Production
- Seed Viability
- Seed Processing
- Seed Storage
- Maize
- Rice
- Millet
- Sorghum
- Stem Borer
- Cowpea
- Groundnut
- Soya Bean
- Bruchid
- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam
- Cotton
- Cotton Stainer
- Sugarcane
- Fruit Crops
- Citrus
- Pineapple
- Mango
- Banana
- Avocado Pear
- Pawpaw
- Tree Crops
- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm
- Cocoa Capsids or Mirids
- Vegetable Classification
- Vegetable Production Systems
- Cropping Patterns
- Site Selection
- Land Preparation
- Seedbed Preparation
- Soil Sterilization
- Drilling
- Pricking Out
- Hardening Off
- Transplanting
- Supplying
- Thinning
- Mulching
- Staking
- Pruning
- Vegetable Harvesting
- Vegetable Grading
- Vegetable Packaging
- Vegetable Preservation
- Vegetable Seed Production
- Tomato
- Cabbage
- Carrot
- French Bean
- Lettuce
- Cauliflower
- Ornamental Plants
- Plant Propagation
- House Plants
- Lawn Establishment
- Hedge Establishment
- Beds and Borders
- Landscape Design
- Crop-Based Enterprises
- Farm Tools
- Soil Texture
- Soil Structure
- Soil pH
- Soil Salinity
- Germination Test
- Seed Health Test
- Seed Purity Test
- Plant Spacing
- Plant Density
- Fertilizers
- Weeds
- Herbicides
- Crop Pests
- Crop Diseases
- Pesticides
- Spraying Equipment
- Irrigation Equipment
- Signs of Crop Maturity
- Seed Extraction
- Processing
- Storage
- Yield Estimation
- Farm Records
- Landscaping Practical

These topics follow the major theory and practical sections of the syllabus.

## Factors Affecting Crop Production

You should understand how environmental and biological factors affect:

- Crop Growth
- Development
- Yield
- Distribution

The syllabus specifically includes:

- Solar Radiation
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Wind
- Edaphic or Soil Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Inorganic Elements

## Solar Radiation

Study the importance of sunlight to crop growth.

You should understand how the amount of solar radiation available can influence plant development and productivity.

## Temperature

Different crops perform best under different temperature conditions.

Study how temperature can influence:

- Germination
- Growth
- Flowering
- Maturity
- Yield

## Rainfall

Give attention to:

- Amount of Rainfall
- Distribution
- Timing
- Duration

Understand why adequate rainfall at the correct period is important to different crops.

## Wind

Study both useful and harmful effects of wind on crop plants.

Wind can influence:

- Pollination
- Moisture Loss
- Crop Damage
- Soil Erosion

where applicable.

## Soil Factors

Important soil factors include:

- Soil Texture
- Soil Structure
- Soil pH
- Soil Salinity

The practical syllabus specifically expects candidates to determine important physical and chemical soil properties.

## Biotic Factors

Biotic factors are living organisms that influence crop production.

Examples include:

- Weeds
- Pests
- Disease-Causing Organisms

Understand how they affect crop performance and yield.

## Classification of Field Crops

You should know the common and scientific names of important crops and understand their classification according to:

- Use
- Life Cycle

## Staple Food Crops

The syllabus groups staple crops into areas such as:

### Cereals

Examples include:

- Maize
- Rice
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Wheat

### Grain Legumes

Examples include:

- Cowpea
- Groundnut
- Bambara Groundnut
- Soya Bean
- Lima Bean
- Pigeon Pea
- Broad Bean
- Jack Bean
- Sword Bean
- Winged Bean

### Root and Tuber Crops

Examples include:

- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam
- Irish Potato

Plantain is also included among the staple field crops.

## Special-Purpose Field Crops

The syllabus includes:

### Fibre Crops

- Cotton
- Jute
- Kenaf
- Roselle
- Sisal Hemp

### Spice Crops

- Ginger
- Black Pepper

### Sugar Crops

- Sugarcane

### Oil Crops

- Sunflower

### Medicinal Crops

- Moringa
- Aloe

### Aromatic Crops

- Citronella
- Lemon Grass

Other groups in the syllabus include fumitories and masticatories.

## Crop Classification by Life Cycle

Know the differences among:

- Annual Crops
- Biennial Crops
- Perennial Crops

Be able to give suitable examples.

## Distribution of Field Crops in West Africa

Study how the distribution of crops is influenced by:

- Climate
- Soil
- Socio-Cultural Factors
- Biological Factors

You should also know the major geographical areas where important crops are produced.

## Crop Breeding and Improvement

The syllabus requires knowledge of:

- Selection of Good Planting Materials
- Methods of Crop Improvement
- Maintenance of Improved Varieties
- Seed Production
- Seed Marketing

## Good Planting Materials

Study the characteristics and sources of good:

- Seeds
- Vegetative Planting Materials

Good planting materials should be suitable for successful crop establishment.

## Methods of Crop Improvement

The methods specifically listed are:

- Introduction
- Selection
- Hybridization

Understand the purpose of each method.

## Seed Production

Give attention to:

- Factors Affecting Seed Production
- Methods of Production
- Processing
- Storage
- Marketing
- Qualities of Good Seed
- Seed Viability

## Cereal Crop Production

The major cereal crops emphasised are:

- Maize
- Millet
- Sorghum
- Rice

For each cereal, study:

**Classification → Botanical Characteristics → Distribution → Land Preparation → Planting → Cultural Practices → Harvesting → Processing → Storage → Uses → Marketing**

## Botanical Characteristics of Cereals

Know important features of:

- Roots
- Stems
- Leaves
- Flowers
- Seeds

You should also understand the relevant cross-sectional features of seeds.

## Cereal Land Preparation and Planting

Study:

- Land Preparation
- Sowing
- Transplanting where applicable
- Recommended Planting Practices

## Cultural Practices in Cereal Production

Important practices include:

- Supplying
- Thinning
- Weeding
- Irrigation
- Fertilizer Application
- Pest Control
- Disease Control

## Stem Borer

The syllabus specifically requires knowledge of the **life cycle of the stem borer** in cereal production.

You should understand:

- Important Stages
- Crop Damage
- Suitable Control Measures

## Harvesting Cereals

Study:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Storage

## Cereal Uses and Value Chains

Understand the:

- Uses
- Processing
- Marketing
- Importance of Value Chains

for cereals.

## Leguminous Crop Production

The syllabus gives particular attention to:

- Cowpea
- Groundnut
- Soya Bean

For each crop, study:

- Classification
- Botanical Characteristics
- Distribution
- Land Preparation
- Planting
- Cultural Practices
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Storage
- Uses
- Marketing

## Cultural Practices for Legumes

Give attention to:

- Seed Selection
- Sowing
- Supplying
- Thinning
- Weeding
- Fertilizer Application
- Pest Control
- Disease Control

## Bruchid

Knowledge of the **life cycle of the bruchid** is specifically required in the syllabus.

Study its relationship with leguminous crops and how it can be controlled.

## Harvesting and Storage of Legumes

Prepare:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting Methods
- Processing
- Storage

## Root and Tuber Crop Production

This is another major field-crop area.

Important crops include:

- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam

You should understand the differences between:

- Root Crops
- Tuber Crops

and study their morphological and anatomical features, especially their storage organs.

## Yam Species

The syllabus includes different yam species such as:

- Guinea Yam
- Water Yam
- Yellow Yam
- Bitter Yam
- Chinese or Trifoliate Yam
- Aerial Yam
- Bush Yam

## Cocoyam Types

The syllabus includes:

- Tania
- Taro

## Climatic and Soil Requirements

Know the climatic and soil requirements for growing:

- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam

## Land Preparation for Root and Tuber Crops

Methods include:

- Clearing
- Mounding
- Ridging

and other appropriate land-preparation methods.

## Planting Materials for Root and Tuber Crops

The syllabus includes:

- Stems
- Vines
- Cuttings
- Setts
- Minisetts
- Microsetts
- Bulbils
- Suckers
- Tissue-Culture Plantlets

Know which planting material is appropriate for each crop.

## Cultural Practices for Root and Tuber Crops

Study:

- Correct Spacing
- Orientation of Planting Materials
- Staking
- Training
- Remounding
- Weeding
- Fertilizer Application
- Pest Control
- Disease Control

## Harvesting Root and Tuber Crops

Give attention to:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting Methods
- Harvesting Precautions
- Preservation
- Storage
- Processing
- Uses

## Cotton Production

Study cotton under:

- Classification
- Morphology
- Climatic Requirements
- Soil Requirements
- Distribution
- Land Preparation
- Planting
- Cultural Practices
- Pest Control
- Disease Control
- Harvesting
- Ginning
- Grading

## Cotton Stainer

The syllabus specifically includes the **cotton stainer** and expects candidates to understand its life cycle in relation to control measures.

## Sugarcane Production

Give attention to:

- Classification
- Species
- Botanical Characteristics
- Climatic Requirements
- Soil Requirements
- Water Requirements
- Land Preparation
- Planting Materials
- Planting
- Cultural Practices
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Uses

## Sugarcane Land Preparation

Study:

- Clearing
- Ploughing
- Harrowing
- Ridging

## Sugarcane Planting Materials

The syllabus includes:

- Short Setts
- Long Setts
- Soldier Setts

## Cultural Practices in Sugarcane Production

Study:

- Weed Control
- Earthing-Up
- Fertilizer Application
- Factors Affecting Cane Quality

## Sugarcane Harvesting

Know:

- Signs of Maturity
- Optimum Harvesting Time
- Harvesting Method
- Ratooning

## Sugarcane Processing

The main processing stages include:

- Crushing or Milling
- Clarification
- Concentration
- Crystallization
- Refining

You should also know the uses of sugarcane products and by-products.

## Fruit Crop Production

The syllabus includes tropical and subtropical fruits such as:

- Citrus
- Pineapple
- Mango
- Banana
- Avocado Pear
- Pawpaw
- Shea
- Miraculous Berry
- Hog Plum
- Apple
- Grapes

For fruit crops, study:

- Botanical Names
- Characteristics
- Environmental Requirements
- Distribution
- Land Preparation
- Nursery Practices
- Transplanting
- Field Maintenance
- Harvesting
- Post-Harvest Handling
- Marketing

## Fruit Crop Nursery Practices

Important practices include:

- Budding
- Grafting
- Potting
- Soil Sterilization
- Shading
- Roguing
- Hardening
- Fertilizer Application
- Pest Control
- Disease Control
- Irrigation

## Fruit Crop Field Maintenance

Study:

- Lining
- Pegging
- Planting Patterns
- Transplanting
- Fertilizer Application
- Mulching
- Weed Control
- Pest Control
- Disease Control

## Fruit Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling

Prepare:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting Methods
- Harvesting Equipment
- Precautions
- Sorting
- Grading
- Packaging

Also understand:

- Marketing Channels
- Quality Standards
- Safety Standards
- Value Chains

## Tree Crop Production

Important areas include:

- Types of Tree Crops
- Characteristics
- Classification
- Importance
- Distribution
- Environmental Requirements
- Adaptations
- Seed Dormancy
- Nursery Management
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Storage
- Marketing

## Seed Dormancy

Study:

- Causes
- Methods of Breaking Dormancy

## Tree Crop Nursery Management

Important practices include:

- Budding
- Grafting
- Potting
- Soil Sterilization
- Shading
- Weed Management
- Mulching
- Roguing
- Fertilizer Application
- Pest Control
- Disease Control
- Irrigation

## Major Tree Crops

The specific tree crops emphasised are:

- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm

For each one, study:

**Classification → Botanical Features → Distribution → Land Preparation → Nursery Practices → Planting → Cultural Practices → Pests and Diseases → Harvesting → Processing → Storage → Uses → Marketing**

## Cocoa Capsids or Mirids

The syllabus specifically requires knowledge of pests including the **cocoa capsids or mirids**.

Study their effect on cocoa and appropriate control measures.

## Tree Crop Post-Harvest Activities

Depending on the crop, the syllabus includes processes such as:

- Dehusking
- Hulling
- Fermentation
- Canning
- Drying
- Coagulation
- Smoking

## Vegetable Production

Vegetable production is one of the largest syllabus sections.

Study:

- Vegetable Types
- Characteristics
- Nutritional Importance
- Economic Importance
- Production Systems
- Cropping Patterns
- Environmental Requirements
- Site Selection
- Land Preparation
- Nursery Practices
- Field Practices
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Storage
- Quality and Safety
- Seed Production
- Marketing

## Important Vegetable Crops

Examples in the syllabus include:

- Cabbage
- African Spinach
- Indian Spinach
- Cocoyam
- Lettuce
- Talinum
- Cauliflower
- Tomato
- Pepper
- Garden Egg
- Cucumber
- Watermelon
- Okro
- Sweet Pepper
- French Bean
- Agushi
- Lima Bean
- Shallot
- Onion
- Carrot
- Radish

## Biological Drawings of Vegetables

You should practise biological drawings of the important economic parts of vegetables.

Your drawings should be:

- Large
- Clear
- Properly Labelled

## Vegetable Production Systems

The syllabus includes systems such as:

- Backyard or Home Gardening
- Market Gardening
- Truck Farming
- Production for Processing
- Irrigated Vegetable Farming
- Dry-Season Farming
- Vegetable Seed Production

It also contains a specialised gardening system within this section.

## Cropping Patterns

Study:

- Crop Rotation
- Intercropping
- Succession Cropping
- Relay Cropping
- Phased Cropping

For each one, know:

- Meaning
- Advantages
- Disadvantages

## Environmental Requirements for Vegetables

Study both:

- Climatic Requirements
- Soil Requirements

## Site Selection for Vegetable Production

Know the factors considered when selecting land for a vegetable enterprise.

## Vegetable Land Preparation

Methods include:

- Raised Beds
- Sunken Beds
- Ridges
- Flat Land

Be able to explain the merits and demerits of the different methods.

## Vegetable Nursery Practices

Important nursery activities include:

- Seed-Box Preparation
- Seedbed Preparation
- Soil Sterilization
- Drilling
- Pricking Out
- Hardening Off
- Transplanting

## Vegetable Field Practices

Study:

- Supplying
- Watering
- Irrigation
- Thinning
- Mulching
- Staking
- Weed Management
- Fertilizer Application
- Pruning
- Pest Control
- Disease Control

## Vegetable Harvesting

Know:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting Equipment
- Harvesting Precautions
- Harvesting Methods

## Post-Harvest Handling of Vegetables

Practices include:

- Trimming
- Washing
- Removing Malformed Produce
- Removing Damaged Produce
- Grading

## Vegetable Preservation and Processing

Methods listed include:

- Drying
- Curing
- Milling
- Pasteurization
- Refrigeration
- Pickling
- Canning

## Vegetable Quality and Safety Standards

Study:

### External Quality

- Shelf Life
- Appearance
- Colour
- Shape

### Internal Quality

- Taste
- Nutritive Value

## Vegetable Seed Production

Study:

- Seed Extraction
- Seed Storage
- Labelling
- Pricing
- Marketing

## Specific Vegetable Crops

The syllabus gives particular attention to:

- Tomato
- Cabbage
- Carrot
- French Bean
- Lettuce
- Cauliflower

For each one, study:

- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Varieties
- Cultivars
- Environmental Requirements
- Land Preparation
- Nursery Practices
- Cultural Practices
- Harvesting
- Post-Harvest Handling

## Vegetable Classification by Economic Part

### Leafy Vegetables

Examples:

- Cabbage
- Lettuce

### Floral Vegetables

Example:

- Cauliflower

### Fruit Vegetables

Examples:

- Tomato
- Pepper
- Garden Egg
- Okro

### Pod and Seed Vegetables

Examples:

- French Bean
- Agushi

### Vegetables With Fleshy Storage Structures

Examples:

- Onion
- Carrot

## Ornamental Plants

The syllabus requires knowledge of both:

- Outdoor Ornamental Plants
- Indoor Ornamental Plants

Outdoor plants are further grouped into:

- Bedding Plants
- Shrubs
- Climbers
- Ground-Cover Plants
- Water Plants

You should also know the scientific names and functions of important ornamental plants.

## Propagation of Ornamental Plants

Study:

- Seed Propagation
- Vegetative Propagation
- Propagation Media
- Containers
- Seed Collection
- Seed Cleaning
- Seed Viability
- Nursery Management

## House Plants

Study:

- Types
- Uses
- Selection
- Placement
- Containers
- Management
- Marketing

## Management of House Plants

Important practices include:

- Provision of Light
- Provision of Air
- Watering
- Fertilizer Application
- Pruning
- Trimming
- Pest Control
- Disease Control
- Cleaning
- Polishing

## Marketing House Plants

Study:

- Production
- Demand
- Supply
- Packaging
- Pricing
- Transportation

## Lawns

Study:

- Characteristics
- Importance
- Planting Materials
- Propagation
- Common Lawn Grasses
- Site Preparation
- Maintenance

## Lawn Maintenance

Important practices include:

- Watering
- Weeding
- Spiking

## Hedges

Study:

- Common Hedging Plants
- Characteristics
- Importance
- Planting Materials
- Methods of Propagation
- Site Preparation
- Maintenance

Important maintenance practices include:

- Watering
- Weeding
- Pruning

## Beds and Borders

Study:

- Common Bed Plants
- Common Border Plants
- Differences Between Beds and Borders
- Differences Between Hedges and Borders
- Establishment
- Plant Selection
- Maintenance

## Landscaping

Landscaping is a major horticultural area.

Study:

- Meaning
- Importance
- Components
- Principles of Landscape Design

## Importance of Landscaping

The syllabus gives examples such as:

- Conservation
- Beautification
- Screening
- Green Belts
- Windbreaks

## Components of Landscape Design

Study:

- Landform
- Plant Materials
- Water
- Sculpture
- Stone Work
- Garden Boundaries
- Ground Patterns

## Principles of Landscape Design

Important principles include:

- Unity
- Scale
- Time
- Space Division
- Texture
- Light and Shade
- Tone
- Colour
- Style
- Line
- Variety
- Balance
- Repetition
- Emphasis

Do not simply memorise the terms. Understand how each can affect the appearance and function of a landscape.

## Vocations and Crop-Based Enterprises

The syllabus also covers occupations and business opportunities connected with crop production and horticulture.

Study:

- Available Vocations
- Tasks Performed
- Educational Requirements
- Training
- Resources
- Benefits
- Importance to Individuals
- Importance to Communities
- Importance to the Nation

## Examples of Crop-Based Vocations

Areas mentioned include:

- Produce Marketing
- Exporting
- Importing
- Provision of Services
- Supply of Inputs

## Establishing a Crop-Based Enterprise

Study factors and procedures such as:

- Resources Required
- Business Planning
- Registration of Business
- Management

## Practical Areas of Concentration

The practical syllabus contains six broad areas:

- Introduction to Crop Production
- Nursery Practices
- Field Practices
- Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling
- Record Keeping
- Landscaping and Ornamental Horticulture

## Plant Identification

You should be able to identify and classify:

- Field Crops
- Vegetables
- Fruit Crops
- Tree Crops
- Ornamental Plants

You should also be able to make biological drawings of:

- Whole Plants
- Plant Parts
- Plant Sections

## Farm Tools and Equipment

You should be able to:

- Identify Farm Tools
- Identify Equipment
- State Their Uses
- Explain Their Maintenance

Do not prepare farm tools from names alone.

Study their physical features so that you can identify actual specimens.

## Soil Practical

The syllabus expects candidates to determine:

### Physical Properties

- Soil Structure
- Soil Texture

### Chemical Properties

- Soil pH
- Soil Salinity

## Nursery Practical

You should be able to:

- Select Containers
- Prepare Containers
- Prepare Propagation Media
- Carry Out Budding
- Carry Out Grafting
- Conduct Seed Tests
- Sow Seeds
- Manage Seedlings
- Harden Seedlings
- Transplant Seedlings

## Seed Tests

The practical syllabus specifically includes:

- Germination Test
- Seed Health Test
- Purity Test

## Seedbed Practices

Study:

- Types of Seedbeds
- Seed Rate
- Planting Materials
- Planting Methods
- Cropping Calendar

## Plant Spacing and Density

You should be able to:

- Calculate Plant Spacing
- Calculate Plant Density
- Interpret Plant-Population Data

## Fertilizers

Study both:

- Organic Fertilizers
- Inorganic Fertilizers

Methods of application include:

- Granular Application
- Foliar Application
- Banding
- Broadcasting

## Weeds

You should be able to:

- Identify Weeds
- Explain Their Adaptations
- Recommend Control Measures

Weed-control measures in the syllabus include:

- Cover Cropping
- Mulching
- Herbicide Application

## Pests and Diseases

You should be able to:

- Identify Pests
- Identify Diseases
- Recognise Disease Symptoms
- Explain Effects on Host Plants
- Understand Important Insect Life Cycles
- Recommend Control Measures

## Spraying Equipment and Pesticides

Study:

- Calibration of Spraying Equipment
- Types of Pesticides
- Pesticide Formulations

## Irrigation Practical

Know the types, uses and maintenance of irrigation equipment such as:

- Watering Can
- Watering Hose
- Sprinklers
- Laterals
- Water Pump

## Harvesting and Post-Harvest Practical

Study:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting Methods
- Seed Extraction
- Processing
- Storage
- Grading
- Yield Estimation

## Farm Records

You should understand:

- Types of Farm Records
- Uses of Farm Records
- How Farm Records Are Kept

Practical farm activities should be recorded accurately.

## Landscaping and Ornamental Horticulture Practical

You should be able to:

- Identify Ornamental Plants
- State Their Uses
- Identify Landscape Components
- Identify Horticultural Tools
- Use Containers
- Prepare Propagation Media
- Carry Out Basic Ornamental-Plant Management

## Important Crops to Study Thoroughly

Make sure you can confidently discuss the production of:

- Maize
- Rice
- Millet
- Sorghum
- Cowpea
- Groundnut
- Soya Bean
- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam
- Cotton
- Sugarcane
- Citrus
- Pineapple
- Mango
- Banana
- Pawpaw
- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm
- Tomato
- Cabbage
- Carrot
- French Bean
- Lettuce
- Cauliflower
- Pepper
- Garden Egg
- Okro
- Onion

## Important Crop Pests to Know

Give particular attention to the pests specifically highlighted in the syllabus:

- Stem Borer — Cereals
- Bruchid — Legumes
- Cotton Stainer — Cotton
- Cocoa Capsids or Mirids — Cocoa

For each one, connect:

**Pest → Host Crop → Life Cycle → Damage → Control**

## Important Nursery Practices to Master

Make sure you understand:

- Seedbed Preparation
- Soil Sterilization
- Seed Drilling
- Broadcasting
- Sowing
- Pricking Out
- Thinning
- Hardening Off
- Transplanting
- Budding
- Grafting
- Shading
- Watering
- Mulching

## Important Post-Harvest Topics to Master

Give attention to:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting
- Sorting
- Grading
- Washing
- Packaging
- Processing
- Preservation
- Storage
- Transportation
- Marketing
- Quality Standards
- Value Chains

## How to Study Each Crop

Use the same revision structure for every major crop:

**Classification → Botanical Characteristics → Distribution → Environmental Requirements → Land Preparation → Planting Materials → Planting → Cultural Practices → Pests and Diseases → Harvesting → Processing → Storage → Uses → Marketing**

This makes it easier to compare crops and remember their production requirements.

## Best Order to Study WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production

### Stage 1 Crop Production Foundations

Start with:

- Factors Affecting Crop Production
- Crop Classification
- Crop Distribution
- Planting Materials
- Crop Breeding
- Seed Production

### Stage 2 Field Crops

Study:

- Cereals
- Legumes
- Roots and Tubers
- Cotton
- Sugarcane

### Stage 3 Fruit and Tree Crops

Study:

- Fruit Crops
- Fruit Nursery Practices
- Tree Crops
- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm
- Post-Harvest Handling

### Stage 4 Vegetables

Study:

- Vegetable Types
- Vegetable Production Systems
- Cropping Patterns
- Site Selection
- Land Preparation
- Nursery Practices
- Field Practices
- Harvesting
- Preservation
- Seed Production

### Stage 5 Ornamental Horticulture

Study:

- Ornamental Plants
- Propagation
- House Plants
- Lawns
- Hedges
- Beds and Borders
- Landscaping

### Stage 6 Crop-Based Enterprise

Study:

- Vocations
- Marketing
- Exporting
- Input Supply
- Business Planning
- Enterprise Establishment

### Stage 7 Practical Revision

Finish the main cycle with:

- Plant Identification
- Farm Tools
- Soil Tests
- Nursery Practices
- Seed Tests
- Fertilizers
- Weeds
- Pests and Diseases
- Irrigation
- Harvesting
- Farm Records
- Landscaping Practical

Continue practical work throughout every stage.

## How to Use These WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration

### Start With the Complete Syllabus

Use the complete syllabus as your main study checklist.

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Computer Hardware and GSM Repairs Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download](/waec-computer-hardware-and-gsm-repairs-syllabus/)

### Divide Your Notebook by Crop Groups

Create separate sections for:

- Cereals
- Legumes
- Roots and Tubers
- Industrial Crops
- Fruit Crops
- Tree Crops
- Vegetables
- Ornamental Plants

### Learn Common and Scientific Names

The syllabus expects knowledge of common and scientific names for many crops.

For important crops, record:

**Common Name → Family → Genus → Species**

where required.

### Practise Biological Drawings

Practise drawing:

- Roots
- Leaves
- Flowers
- Seeds
- Fruits
- Storage Organs
- Economic Parts of Vegetables

### Use Actual Specimens

Whenever possible, study:

- Seeds
- Fruits
- Leaves
- Farm Tools
- Fertilizers
- Weeds
- Pests
- Diseased Plant Materials
- Ornamental Plants

Practical identification is easier when you have seen the actual material before the examination.

### Practise Farm Calculations

Give attention to calculations involving:

- Plant Spacing
- Plant Density
- Seed Rate
- Yield Estimation

### Study Pests Together With Their Host Crops

Do not memorise pest names separately.

For example:

**Stem Borer → Cereal Crops**

**Bruchid → Leguminous Crops**

**Cotton Stainer → Cotton**

**Capsids/Mirids → Cocoa**

### Keep a Farm Diary

Record:

- Date
- Crop
- Activity
- Tools Used
- Materials Used
- Observations
- Results

The syllabus itself recommends practical notebooks and farm diaries based on laboratory and field observations.

## What Should You Concentrate on Most for WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production

You should cover the complete syllabus, but make sure you are particularly confident in:

- Factors Affecting Crop Production
- Classification of Crops
- Crop Breeding
- Seed Production
- Cereals
- Legumes
- Roots and Tubers
- Cotton
- Sugarcane
- Fruit Crops
- Tree Crops
- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm
- Vegetable Production
- Nursery Practices
- Specific Vegetable Crops
- Ornamental Plants
- House Plants
- Lawns
- Hedges
- Landscaping
- Farm Tools
- Soil Properties
- Seed Tests
- Fertilizers
- Weeds
- Crop Pests
- Crop Diseases
- Irrigation
- Harvesting
- Post-Harvest Handling
- Farm Records
- Practical Crop Production

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What Are the WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration for 2027

The major areas include Field Crop Production, Vegetable Production, Ornamental Horticulture, Landscaping, Crop-Based Enterprises and practical crop-production skills.

### What Should I Focus on Most for WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production

Give strong attention to crop production practices, major field crops, vegetables, nursery practices, pests and diseases, ornamental plants, landscaping and practical work.

### Are Factors Affecting Crop Production Included

Yes.

Study:

- Solar Radiation
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Wind
- Soil Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Inorganic Elements

### Are Cereals Included

Yes.

The major cereals emphasised include:

- Maize
- Millet
- Sorghum
- Rice

### Is Stem Borer Included

Yes.

The syllabus specifically requires knowledge of the life cycle of the stem borer in cereal production.

### Are Legumes Included

Yes.

The major legumes include:

- Cowpea
- Groundnut
- Soya Bean

### Is Bruchid Included

Yes.

Knowledge of the life cycle of the bruchid is specifically required for leguminous crops.

### Are Root and Tuber Crops Included

Yes.

Study:

- Cassava
- Sweet Potato
- Yam
- Cocoyam

### Is Cotton Included

Yes.

Prepare its classification, morphology, environmental requirements, land preparation, cultural practices, pests, harvesting, ginning and grading.

### Is Cotton Stainer Included

Yes.

The syllabus requires knowledge of its life cycle and how this knowledge can be used in control.

### Is Sugarcane Included

Yes.

Study planting materials, cultural practices, maturity, harvesting, ratooning and processing.

### Are Fruit Crops Included

Yes.

Examples include:

- Citrus
- Pineapple
- Mango
- Banana
- Avocado Pear
- Pawpaw

### What Tree Crops Should I Study

Give particular attention to:

- Cocoa
- Cashew
- Coconut
- Oil Palm

### Are Cocoa Capsids Included

Yes.

The syllabus specifically mentions cocoa capsids or mirids among the pests candidates should know.

### Is Vegetable Production Included

Yes.

It is one of the largest sections of the syllabus.

### What Vegetable Crops Should I Study

Examples include:

- Tomato
- Cabbage
- Carrot
- French Bean
- Lettuce
- Cauliflower
- Pepper
- Garden Egg
- Okro
- Onion
- Cucumber
- Watermelon

### What Cropping Patterns Should I Study

Study:

- Crop Rotation
- Intercropping
- Succession Cropping
- Relay Cropping
- Phased Cropping

### Are Nursery Practices Important

Yes.

Study:

- Seedbed Preparation
- Soil Sterilization
- Drilling
- Pricking Out
- Hardening Off
- Transplanting
- Watering
- Shading
- Mulching

### Are Budding and Grafting Included

Yes.

Both are included under propagation and nursery practices.

### Are Ornamental Plants Included

Yes.

Study both outdoor and indoor ornamental plants, their scientific names, uses and propagation.

### Are House Plants Included

Yes.

Study their selection, placement, containers, maintenance and marketing.

### Are Lawns Included

Yes.

Study lawn characteristics, importance, establishment and maintenance.

### Are Hedges Included

Yes.

Study hedging plants, establishment and maintenance.

### Are Beds and Borders Included

Yes.

You should know their differences, suitable plants, establishment and maintenance.

### Is Landscaping Included

Yes.

Study:

- Meaning
- Importance
- Components
- Principles of Landscape Design

### Are Crop-Based Vocations Included

Yes.

The syllabus covers crop-related occupations and procedures for establishing enterprises.

### Is Practical Work Important

Yes.

The syllabus contains a separate practical section covering crop identification, nursery work, field practices, harvesting, record keeping and ornamental horticulture.

### What Soil Properties Should I Study

The practical syllabus includes:

- Soil Structure
- Soil Texture
- Soil pH
- Soil Salinity

### What Seed Tests Should I Know

Study:

- Germination Test
- Seed Health Test
- Seed Purity Test

### Are Fertilizers Included

Yes.

Study:

- Organic Fertilizers
- Inorganic Fertilizers
- Granular Application
- Foliar Application
- Banding
- Broadcasting

### Are Weeds Included

Yes.

You should be able to identify weeds, explain their adaptations and recommend suitable control methods.

### Are Pests and Diseases Included

Yes.

You should be able to identify important pests and diseases, recognise symptoms and explain their control.

### Is Irrigation Included

Yes.

Important irrigation equipment includes:

- Watering Can
- Watering Hose
- Sprinklers
- Laterals
- Water Pump

### Is Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling Included

Yes.

Study:

- Signs of Maturity
- Harvesting
- Seed Extraction
- Processing
- Grading
- Storage
- Yield Estimation

### Is Farm Record Keeping Included

Yes.

You should understand the types and uses of farm records and know how to keep them.

### Where Can I Download the Complete Horticulture and Crop Production Syllabus

Use the [WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download](/waec-horticulture-and-crop-production-syllabus/) page to access the complete syllabus.

### Where Can I Find Areas of Concentration for Other WAEC Subjects

Use the [WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects](/waec-areas-of-concentration-for-all-subjects/) page to access the other subject guides.

## Conclusion

The **[WAEC](https://www.waecnigeria.org/) Horticulture and Crop Production Areas of Concentration 2027/2028** give you a structured way to revise the major field-crop, vegetable, ornamental-horticulture, landscaping and practical topics in the syllabus.

For Field Crop Production, give strong attention to factors affecting crop production, crop classification, breeding, seed production, cereals, legumes, roots and tubers, cotton and sugarcane.

For Fruit and Tree Crop Production, prepare nursery practices, propagation, cultural practices, harvesting, processing, storage and marketing. Make sure you understand important crops such as citrus, pineapple, mango, banana, cocoa, cashew, coconut and oil palm.

Vegetable Production is another major area. Study production systems, cropping patterns, site selection, land preparation, nursery practices, field management, harvesting, preservation, seed production and quality standards.

For Ornamental Horticulture, prepare ornamental plants, house plants, lawns, hedges, beds, borders and landscaping.

Do not neglect the practical section. You should be able to identify crops, farm tools, weeds, pests and diseases; carry out seed tests and nursery practices; understand fertilizer application and irrigation; identify signs of maturity; estimate yield; and keep appropriate farm records.

Use the complete syllabus as your main revision checklist and combine it with regular farm practice and WAEC past questions.

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Horticulture and Crop Production Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download](/waec-horticulture-and-crop-production-syllabus/)

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Agriculture Areas of Concentration 2027/2028](/waec-agriculture-areas-of-concentration/)

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects](/waec-areas-of-concentration-for-all-subjects/)

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download for All Subjects](/waec-syllabus-for-all-subjects-pdf-download/)

**READ ALSO:** [WAEC Timetable 2027](/waec-timetable-for-science-art-and-commercial/)