--- title: "WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 Questions PDF Download" url: https://examloaded.com/waec-chemistry-syllabus-questions/ date: 2026-10-12 modified: 2026-10-16 lang: en author: "Rabiu Francis" description: "Download the WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF and see the complete topics, examination structure, calculations, organic chemistry and practical requirements. The WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 contains the topics, calculations, experiments..." categories: - "2027 Official WAEC Exam Insights: Practice Questions, and Syllabus" tags: - "WAEC Syllabus 2027" image: https://examloaded.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/WAEC-Chemistry-Syllabus-2027-2028-Questions-PDF-Download.webp word_count: 5241 --- # WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 Questions PDF Download Download the WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF and see the complete topics, examination structure, calculations, organic chemistry and practical requirements. The **WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028** contains the topics, calculations, experiments and laboratory skills you need to prepare for Chemistry in the West African Senior School Certificate Examination. ![WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 Questions PDF Download](https://examloaded.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/WAEC-Chemistry-Syllabus-2027-2028-Questions-PDF-Download-300x187.webp)WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 Questions PDF Download The syllabus covers atomic structure, separation techniques, periodic chemistry, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, states of matter, energy changes, acids, bases and salts, solubility, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, redox reactions, electrochemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry and practical Chemistry. **READ:** [Access 2027 WAEC Questions and Answers in all Subjects – Free Study Guide](/waec-questions-and-answers/) **ALSO READ:** [WAEC Specimens 2027](/waec-specimens-practicals/) Chemistry requires more than memorising definitions and chemical equations. You should understand the principles behind reactions, know how to carry out calculations, use IUPAC nomenclature correctly, interpret graphs and develop the laboratory skills required for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The complete syllabus also contains country-specific sections. **Section A applies to all candidates, Section B applies to candidates in Ghana, while Section C applies to candidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia.** Use the section that applies to the country where you are sitting the examination while studying the common Section A. **READ ALSO:** [WAEC Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download for All Subjects](/waec-syllabus-for-all-subjects-pdf-download/) ## Download WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF You can download the complete **WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF** and keep it on your phone, tablet or computer. The PDF contains: - Chemistry aims and objectives - Complete examination scheme - Section A for all candidates - Section B for Ghana - Section C for Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia - Atomic Structure - Periodic Chemistry - Chemical Bonding - Stoichiometry - Gas Laws - Energy Changes - Acids, Bases and Salts - Solubility - Chemical Kinetics - Equilibrium - Redox Reactions - Electrochemistry - Organic Chemistry - Chemical Industry and Environment - Basic Biochemistry - Synthetic Polymers - Quantitative Analysis - Qualitative Analysis - Chemistry Practical Requirements [**DOWNLOAD WAEC CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS 2027/2028 PDF**](https://examloaded.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/CHEMISTRY-1.pdf) Use the PDF as your main checklist. Mark each topic after studying it and return to areas where you still struggle with calculations, equations or experimental procedures. ## WAEC Chemistry Examination Structure The Chemistry examination consists of **three papers: Paper 1, Paper 2 and Paper 3**. Papers 1 and 2 are taken as a composite paper at one sitting. ### WAEC Chemistry Paper 1 Paper 1 contains **50 multiple-choice objective questions** drawn from Section A of the syllabus, which is the common section for all candidates. You are required to answer all the questions. The paper: - Lasts 1 hour - Carries 50 marks Because Paper 1 can test different parts of the common syllabus, you should cover the full Section A rather than concentrating only on calculation topics. ### WAEC Chemistry Paper 2 Paper 2 is the essay and structured paper. It lasts **2 hours** and carries **100 marks**. The paper is divided into Sections A and B. #### Section A of Chemistry Paper 2 This contains **10 short structured questions** drawn from the common Section A of the syllabus. You are required to answer all the questions. This section carries **25 marks**. #### Section B of Chemistry Paper 2 This contains four questions: - Two from the common syllabus - Two from the country-specific section applicable to you You are required to answer **any three questions**. Each question carries **25 marks**. This means you should understand both the common Chemistry syllabus and the country-specific section relevant to your examination country. ### WAEC Chemistry Paper 3 For school candidates, Paper 3 is a **2-hour practical examination**. For private candidates, the Alternative to Practical Work lasts **1 hour 30 minutes**. Each version contains **three compulsory questions** and carries **50 marks**. The three practical areas are: - Quantitative Analysis - Qualitative Analysis - Familiarity with practical activities and experimental principles Practical Chemistry should therefore form part of your preparation from the beginning. ## What You Will Study in WAEC Chemistry The common Chemistry syllabus is organised into 15 major sections: - Introduction to Chemistry - Structure of the Atom - Standard Separation Techniques for Mixtures - Periodic Chemistry - Chemical Bonds - Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions - States of Matter - Energy and Energy Changes - Acids, Bases and Salts - Solubility of Substances - Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium Systems - Redox Reactions - Chemistry of Carbon Compounds - Chemistry, Industry and the Environment - Basic Biochemistry and Synthetic Polymers You will then study the additional section applicable to your country. ## Introduction to Chemistry This section introduces scientific measurements and the scientific method. ### Measurement of Physical Quantities You should understand how to measure quantities such as: - Mass - Length - Time - Temperature - Volume Know the appropriate SI units. You should also understand: - Significant figures - Precision - Accuracy These concepts are particularly important when carrying out calculations and practical experiments. ### Scientific Method Study the major stages of scientific investigation: - Observation - Hypothesis - Experimentation - Formulation of laws - Formulation of theories You should understand how scientific conclusions are reached from experimental observations. ## Structure of the Atom Atomic Structure is one of the foundations of Chemistry. A strong understanding of this topic will help you with Periodic Chemistry, bonding, redox reactions and several other parts of the syllabus. ### Development of Atomic Theory Study the major ideas associated with: - Dalton - J.J. Thomson - Rutherford - Bohr Understand the main experiments and models that contributed to our understanding of atomic structure. ### Subatomic Particles Study: - Proton - Neutron - Electron Know their: - Charges - Relative masses - Positions in the atom ### Atomic Number and Mass Number Understand: - Atomic number - Proton number - Neutron number - Mass number - Isotopes You should be able to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions. ### Relative Atomic and Molecular Mass Study: - Relative atomic mass - Relative molecular mass - Carbon-12 scale Understand how relative atomic mass can be calculated from isotopic abundance. ### Particulate Nature of Matter Study: - Atoms - Molecules - Ions Understand matter as being made up of particles. ### Physical and Chemical Changes Know the difference between physical and chemical changes. Examples of physical changes include: - Melting - Magnetization - Dissolving Examples of chemical changes include: - Burning - Rusting - Decay You should be able to explain why a particular change is physical or chemical. ## Electron Configuration You should understand electron arrangement in atoms. Study: - s orbitals - p orbitals - d orbitals - Sub-energy levels - Electron configurations of the first 30 elements Also prepare: - Aufbau Principle - Hund’s Rule - Pauli Exclusion Principle You should be able to write both detailed and abbreviated electron configurations. ## Standard Separation Techniques for Mixtures Study the classification of mixtures and the appropriate methods used to separate them. Important techniques include: - Crystallization - Distillation - Precipitation - Magnetization - Chromatography - Sublimation Understand which technique should be used for different types of mixtures. ### Criteria for Purity Study: - Boiling point - Melting point Understand how these properties can be used to determine whether a substance is pure. ## Periodic Chemistry Periodic Chemistry is another major part of the syllabus. ### Periodic Table Understand how electron configuration determines: - Group - Period - Position of an element Know the broad categories: - Metals - Semi-metals - Non-metals - Halogens - Alkali metals - Alkaline earth metals - Transition metals ### Periodic Law Understand the periodic law and how chemical and physical properties change across the Periodic Table. Study trends in: - Atomic radius - Ionic radius - Ionization energy - Electron affinity - Electronegativity You should be able to explain trends rather than merely state them. ### Period Three Elements Study the progression from sodium to argon. Understand changes in: - Metallic character - Non-metallic character - Bonding - Chemical properties ### Metals and Their Reactions Study reactions involving metals such as: - Sodium - Magnesium - Aluminium - Potassium - Calcium Understand their reactions with acids, oxides and trioxocarbonates where required. ### Halogens Study: - Fluorine - Chlorine - Bromine - Iodine Understand trends in: - Physical states - Melting points - Boiling points - Oxidation states - Redox properties - Displacement reactions ### Transition Metals Study the first transition series. Important properties include: - Variable oxidation states - Coloured compounds - Complex formation - Catalytic activity - Paramagnetism - Hardness Understand how transition metals differ from typical s-block metals. ## Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding explains how atoms combine to form substances. ### Ionic Bonding Study: - Formation of ionic bonds - Transfer of electrons - Ions - Ionic compounds Know the factors influencing ionic-bond formation. ### Properties of Ionic Compounds Understand properties such as: - Solubility - Electrical conductivity - Hardness - Melting point Relate these properties to ionic structure. ### Naming Ionic Compounds Practise the IUPAC naming of simple ionic compounds. ### Covalent Bonding Study how covalent bonds form through sharing of electrons. Understand: - Covalent compounds - Lewis structures - Properties ### Coordinate Covalent Bond Know the difference between: - Ordinary covalent bonding - Coordinate or dative covalent bonding ### Shapes of Molecules Study common molecular shapes such as: - Linear - Planar - Tetrahedral Examples in the syllabus include: - BeCl₂ - BF₃ - CH₄ - NH₃ - CO₂ ### Metallic Bonding Study: - Formation - Factors influencing metallic bonding - Properties of metals Important properties include: - Electrical conductivity - Thermal conductivity - Malleability - Ductility - Lustre - Sonority - Hardness ### Intermolecular Forces Study: - Dipole-dipole forces - Induced dipole forces - Hydrogen bonding - van der Waals forces Understand how intermolecular forces affect physical properties such as boiling point. ## Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry is one of the most important calculation areas in Chemistry. ### Chemical Symbols Formulae and Equations Know the symbols of the first 30 elements and other common elements. You should be able to: - Write chemical formulae - Balance chemical equations - Use IUPAC names - Interpret equations ### Empirical and Molecular Formulae Understand how to determine: - Empirical formula - Molecular formula Practise calculations thoroughly. ### Types of Chemical Reactions Study reactions such as: - Combustion - Synthesis - Displacement - Decomposition - Ionic reactions ### Laws of Chemical Combination Study: - Law of Conservation of Mass - Law of Constant Composition - Law of Multiple Proportions Understand both the statements and their applications. ## Mole Concept The mole concept is essential for Chemistry calculations. Study: - Mole - Avogadro constant - Molar mass - Amount of substance - Mole ratios Know Avogadro’s constant as approximately: **6.02 × 10²³ entities mol⁻¹** ### Mole Calculations Practise calculations involving: - Number of particles - Mass - Moles - Volume - Concentration - Percentage composition - Percentage yield You should be able to obtain mole ratios from balanced equations. ## Solutions and Concentration Study: - Solute - Solvent - Solution - Dilute solution - Concentrated solution - Acidic solution - Basic solution - Neutral solution ### Concentration Be comfortable with concentration expressed in: - g dm⁻³ - mol dm⁻³ ### Standard Solutions Understand: - Primary standard - Secondary standard - Standard solution You should know how standard solutions are prepared. ### Dilution Study the preparation of solutions through dilution. Understand dilution factor and practise calculations involving concentration and volume. ## States of Matter Study: - Solid - Liquid - Gas and explain their properties using the kinetic theory of matter. ## Kinetic Theory of Matter Understand how particle movement explains: - Melting - Boiling - Evaporation - Dissolution - Brownian motion - Diffusion Know how particle arrangement differs in solids, liquids and gases. ## Gas Laws Study: - Boyle’s Law - Charles’ Law - Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure - Graham’s Law of Diffusion - Avogadro’s Law Also study the ideal gas equation: **PV = nRT** Practise gas-law calculations regularly. ### Ideal and Real Gases Understand: - Ideal gases - Real gases - Reasons real gases deviate from ideal behaviour ## Laboratory Preparation of Gases The common syllabus includes laboratory preparation and properties of gases such as: - Hydrogen - Ammonia - Carbon dioxide You should understand: - Preparation - Purification - Collection - Physical properties - Chemical properties ## Liquids Vapour and Vapour Pressure Study: - Properties of liquids - Vapour - Vapour pressure - Saturated vapour pressure - Boiling - Evaporation Understand the difference between a vapour and a gas. You should also understand how vapour pressure affects boiling point. ## Solids Study the main types of solids: - Ionic - Metallic - Covalent network - Molecular Relate their structures to their properties. ### Diamond and Graphite Study: - Structures - Properties - Uses Understand how their different structures explain their different properties. ## Energy and Energy Changes Study: - Energy - Enthalpy - Energy changes in chemical processes ### Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Know the difference between: - Exothermic reactions - Endothermic reactions Be able to interpret energy changes. ### Enthalpy Changes Study enthalpy changes associated with: - Combustion - Dissolution - Neutralization You should be comfortable interpreting energy diagrams where required. ## Acids Bases and Salts This is one of the broadest topics in Chemistry. ### Acids and Bases Study the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases. Understand acids and bases in terms of ions produced in aqueous solution. ### Properties of Acids and Bases Study: - Effects on indicators - Conductivity - Reactions with metals - Reactions with oxides - Reactions with trioxocarbonates - Relevant balanced equations ### Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Understand the difference between: - Strong acids - Weak acids - Strong bases - Weak bases Relate strength to the extent of ionization. ## pH Study: - Meaning of pH - pH scale - Acidic solutions - Neutral solutions - Alkaline solutions You should understand methods of determining pH using: - pH meter - Universal indicator - Appropriate colour methods Also understand the significance of pH in areas such as: - Soil - Blood - Urine - Acid rain ## Salts Study: - Normal salts - Acid salts - Basic salts - Double salts - Complex salts Understand their preparation and uses. ### Salt Hydrolysis Study how salts can produce: - Acidic solutions - Alkaline solutions - Neutral solutions Examples in the syllabus include compounds such as ammonium chloride and sodium trioxocarbonate. ## Deliquescent Efflorescent and Hygroscopic Substances Understand these terms and be able to distinguish between them. Know the importance of hygroscopic materials as drying agents. ## Acid-Base Indicators Study: - How indicators work - Methyl orange - Phenolphthalein - Working pH ranges You should know which indicator is suitable for different titrations. ## Acid-Base Titration Titration is one of the most important practical and calculation areas in Chemistry. Study: - Appropriate apparatus - Standard solutions - End point - Indicators - Mole ratios Practise calculations involving: - Concentration - Mole ratio - Percentage purity - Composition - Water of crystallization ## Solubility of Substances Study: - Meaning of solubility - Saturated solutions - Unsaturated solutions - Solubility curves - Temperature effects - Crystallization - Recrystallization ### Solubility Calculations Practise calculations involving solubility in: - mol dm⁻³ - g dm⁻³ Understand how solubility curves are interpreted. ### Solubility Rules Know the common rules for soluble and insoluble salts. These are particularly important in Qualitative Analysis. ## Chemical Kinetics Chemical Kinetics deals with rates of chemical reactions. ### Rate of Reaction Understand: - Meaning of reaction rate - How rate can be measured - How experimental data can be represented Observable changes may include: - Colour - Mass - Temperature - pH - Formation of precipitate ### Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Study the effects of: - Concentration - Pressure - Temperature - Catalyst - Light - Particle size - Nature of reactants You should understand the experimental evidence for each factor. ### Collision Theory Study: - Collision theory - Effective collisions - Activation energy - Effect of temperature - Effect of concentration Be able to interpret energy-profile diagrams. ## Chemical Equilibrium Study: - Reversible reactions - Irreversible reactions - Dynamic equilibrium Understand that an equilibrium system remains dynamic even when observable properties remain constant. ### Le Chatelier’s Principle Study how equilibrium responds to changes in: - Concentration - Temperature - Pressure - Volume You should be able to predict how an equilibrium system will respond to these changes. ## Redox Reactions Redox Chemistry is important in both theory and practical Chemistry. ### Oxidation and Reduction Study oxidation and reduction in terms of: - Gain and loss of oxygen - Gain and loss of hydrogen - Loss and gain of electrons - Changes in oxidation number ### Oxidation Numbers Practise assigning oxidation states to elements in compounds and ions. ### Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Understand how to identify: - Oxidizing agents - Reducing agents ### Balancing Redox Equations Practise balancing redox equations using: - Electron-transfer methods - Half equations - Oxidation-number changes ## Electrochemical Cells Study: - Half-cells - Electrochemical cells - Standard hydrogen electrode - Standard electrode potential - Cell diagrams - Cell notation - Electromotive force ### Types of Cells Understand the difference between: - Primary cells - Secondary cells Examples include: - Daniell cell - Lead-acid battery - Dry cell - Fuel cell ## Electrolysis Study: - Electrolytes - Electrolytic cells - Electrodes - Mechanism of electrolysis - Factors affecting discharge of ions Important electrolytes mentioned in the syllabus include: - Molten PbBr₂ - Molten NaCl - Dilute NaCl - Concentrated NaCl - CuSO₄ solution - Dilute H₂SO₄ - NaOH solution - CaCl₂ solution ### Faraday’s Laws Practise electrolysis calculations using: **1 F = 96,500 C** Calculations may involve: - Mass - Volume of gas - Number of particles - Charge - Mole ratios ### Applications of Electrolysis Study applications such as: - Electroplating - Extraction of metals - Purification of metals ## Corrosion of Metals Study corrosion as a redox process. Pay particular attention to rusting of iron. Know prevention methods such as: - Painting - Greasing - Oiling - Galvanizing - Sacrificial protection - Cathodic protection Understand why each method prevents or reduces corrosion. ## Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry is another major section. You should understand classification, nomenclature, structures, properties, reactions and uses of carbon compounds. ## Classification of Organic Compounds Study: - Straight-chain compounds - Branched-chain compounds - Aromatic compounds - Alicyclic compounds ## Functional Groups The common syllabus includes compounds such as: - Alkanes - Alkenes - Alkynes - Alkanols - Alkanoic acids - Alkyl alkanoates - Amines Practise IUPAC nomenclature. ## Separation and Purification of Organic Compounds Study: - Distillation - Crystallization - Drying - Chromatography ## Petroleum and Crude Oil Study: - Composition - Fractional distillation - Major fractions - Cracking - Reforming - Petrochemicals - Uses ### Octane Number Understand the meaning and importance of octane number in the petroleum industry. ## Homologous Series and Isomerism Study: - Meaning of homologous series - Gradation in physical properties - Structural isomerism - Geometric or stereoisomerism Examples are generally limited to relatively simple organic compounds. ## Alkanes Study: - Sources - Preparation - Nomenclature - Structures - Properties - Uses Important reactions include: - Combustion - Substitution - Cracking ## Alkenes Study: - Preparation - Structure - Nomenclature - Properties - Uses Important reactions include: - Halogenation - Hydrogenation - Hydration - Oxidation - Polymerization Know how reagents such as bromine water and aqueous potassium manganate(VII) can be used in tests involving unsaturation. ## Alkynes Study: - Nomenclature - Structure - Preparation - Uses - Reactions You should also understand tests used to distinguish: - Alkane - Alkene - Alkyne ## Benzene Study: - Structure - Resonance - Physical properties - Chemical properties Understand why benzene commonly undergoes substitution reactions. ## Alkanols Study: - Sources - Nomenclature - Structures - Classification - Physical properties - Chemical properties - Laboratory tests - Uses Know the difference between: - Primary alkanols - Secondary alkanols - Tertiary alkanols Important reactions include: - Reaction with sodium - Esterification - Dehydration - Oxidation ## Alkanoic Acids Study: - Nomenclature - Structures - Physical properties - Chemical properties - Uses Examples include: - Methanoic acid - Ethanoic acid Understand reactions with: - Water - Alkalis - Ammonia - Hydrogentrioxocarbonates - Metals ## Alkanoates Study esters as derivatives of alkanoic acids. Know: - Sources - Preparation - Nomenclature - Structures - Properties - Hydrolysis - Uses Uses include areas such as: - Flavourings - Perfumes - Solvents - Plasticizers ## Chemistry Industry and the Environment Study the relationship between Chemistry, natural resources, industries and the environment. ### Chemical Industry Understand: - Natural resources - Raw materials - Chemical industries - Fine chemicals - Heavy chemicals You should also study factors affecting the location of chemical industries. ### Pollution Study: - Air pollution - Water pollution - Soil pollution Understand: - Sources - Effects - Control Also prepare: - Greenhouse effect - Ozone-layer depletion - Biodegradable pollutants - Non-biodegradable pollutants ## Biotechnology Study biological processes used in areas such as: - Food processing - Fermentation - Bread production - Gari production Understand how Chemistry and biological processes interact in industry. ## Basic Biochemistry The common syllabus includes proteins, amino acids, fats, oils and carbohydrates. ## Proteins Study: - Sources - Properties - Uses - Hydrolysis - Laboratory tests Understand proteins as polymers of amino acids joined through peptide or amide linkages. Important protein tests mentioned include: - Ninhydrin - Biuret - Millon’s reagent ## Amino Acids Study: - General structure - Nomenclature - Difunctional nature Understand the acidic and basic functional groups present in amino acids. ## Fats and Oils Study: - Sources - Structures - Properties - Uses Understand fats and oils as esters. ### Soap Preparation Study saponification and the production of soap from fats and oils. Also understand the behaviour of soaps and synthetic detergents in: - Soft water - Hard water ## Carbohydrates Study: - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides Know their: - Sources - Structures - Properties - Uses ### Tests for Reducing Sugars The syllabus includes tests involving: - Fehling’s solution - Benedict’s solution - Tollens’ reagent Understand the procedure and expected observations. ### Starch Understand starch as a polymer of glucose units. ## Synthetic Polymers Study: - Monomers - Polymers - Polymerization Understand: - Addition polymerization - Condensation polymerization ### Types of Plastics Study: - Thermoplastics - Thermosetting plastics - Resins Understand their properties and uses. ## Ghana-Specific Chemistry Topics Candidates sitting WAEC Chemistry in Ghana should study Section A together with Section B of the syllabus. Important additional Ghana topics include: - Mass spectrometry - Nuclear Chemistry - Radioactivity - Nuclear fission - Nuclear fusion - Half-life - Quantum numbers - Advanced Periodic Chemistry - Complex compounds - Ligands - Coordination compounds - Hybridization - Sigma and pi bonds - Hess’s Law - Born-Haber cycles - Bond energy - Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases - Lewis acids and bases - pH and pOH calculations - Ka and Kb - Buffer solutions - Double-indicator titrations - Back titration - Solubility product - Rate law and reaction order - Kp and Kc - Advanced Organic Chemistry - Mineral extraction - Cement production ### Nuclear Chemistry Study: - Alpha radiation - Beta radiation - Gamma radiation - Natural radioactivity - Artificial radioactivity - Fission - Fusion - Nuclear equations - Half-life - Applications - Hazards ### Complex Compounds Study: - Ligands - Central ions - Coordination compounds - Nomenclature - Shapes ### Hybridization Understand: - sp - sp² - sp³ - Other hybrid arrangements specified in the syllabus Also study: - Sigma bonds - Pi bonds ### Advanced Energy Changes Prepare: - Hess’s Law - Born-Haber cycles - Bond energy - Bond dissociation energy - Enthalpy calculations ### Advanced Acid-Base Chemistry Study: - Brønsted-Lowry theory - Lewis theory - Conjugate acid-base pairs - pH - pOH - pKw - Ka - Kb - Buffers ### Solubility Product Understand: - Ksp - Sparingly soluble compounds - Solubility calculations - Factors affecting solubility ### Reaction Order Study: - Zero-order reactions - First-order reactions - Second-order reactions - Rate equations - Half-life - Rate-determining steps ### Ghana Chemical Industry The Ghana section also includes the extraction and processing of mineral resources and cement production. ## Chemistry Topics for Nigeria Sierra Leone Liberia and The Gambia Candidates in **Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia** should study Section A together with Section C. Section C focuses strongly on non-metals, metals and practical Chemistry. ## Non-Metals and Their Compounds The major elements and compounds include: - Carbon - Oxygen - Hydrogen - Water - Halogens - Hydrogen chloride - Nitrogen - Sulphur - Noble gases ## Carbon and Its Compounds Study: - Diamond - Graphite - Amorphous carbon - Coal - Coke - Carbon monoxide - Carbon dioxide - Trioxocarbonate(IV) salts ### Allotropes of Carbon Know their: - Structures - Properties - Uses Relate the uses of diamond and graphite to their structures and properties. ### Coal Study types such as: - Anthracite - Peat - Lignite Understand destructive distillation and the products obtained. ### Coke and Synthetic Gases Study: - Coke - Water gas - Producer gas Know their production and uses. ## Oxygen Study: - Laboratory preparation - Industrial preparation - Properties - Uses - Test for oxygen Also understand: - Acidic oxides - Basic oxides - Amphoteric oxides - Neutral oxides ## Hydrogen Study: - Laboratory preparation - Properties - Uses - Test for hydrogen ## Water and Solutions Study: - Composition of water - Water as a solvent - Hard water - Soft water - Causes of hardness - Removal of hardness - Water treatment Understand the advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft water. ## Chlorine and the Halogens Study: - Laboratory preparation of chlorine - Properties - Reactions - Displacement reactions - Uses of halogen compounds Know the variable oxidation states where required. ## Hydrogen Chloride Study: - Laboratory preparation - Properties - Uses - Test - Fountain experiment ## Nitrogen and Its Compounds Study: - Nitrogen - Ammonia - Trioxonitrate(V) acid - Trioxonitrate(V) salts Understand their: - Preparation - Properties - Reactions - Uses Know the test for ammonia and the reactions involving nitrate salts. ## Sulphur and Its Compounds Study: - Sulphur allotropes - Uses - Sulphur compounds - Trioxosulphate(IV) acid and salts - Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid The Contact Process should be understood. ## Noble Gases Study their: - Properties - Uses ## Metals and Their Compounds The Section C syllabus includes extraction and chemistry of important metals. ### Extraction of Metals Study the extraction of: - Aluminium - Iron - Tin Understand: - Raw materials - Processing - Main products - By-products - Uses ### Alloys Study common alloys involving metals such as: - Copper - Aluminium - Lead - Iron - Tin Know their compositions where required and their uses. ### Sodium and Its Compounds Important compounds include: - Sodium chloride - Sodium hydroxide - Sodium trioxocarbonate(IV) - Sodium trioxonitrate(V) - Sodium tetraoxosulphate(VI) - Sodium oxochlorate(I) Know their properties and uses. ### Calcium and Its Compounds Important compounds include: - Calcium trioxocarbonate(IV) - Calcium oxide - Calcium tetraoxosulphate(VI) - Calcium chloride - Calcium hydroxide Study their properties and uses. ### Iron and Aluminium Study their reactivity with: - Air - Water - Acids ### Copper and Its Compounds Important compounds include: - Copper(II) tetraoxosulphate(VI) - Copper(II) oxide - Copper(II) chloride Know their properties and uses. ## WAEC Chemistry Practical Syllabus 2027/2028 Practical Chemistry deserves serious preparation. You should become confident with: - Laboratory equipment - Measurements - Solution preparation - Titration - Observation - Chemical tests - Calculations - Identification of ions and gases ## General Practical Skills The syllabus expects familiarity with: - Measuring mass - Measuring volume - Preparing standard solutions - Diluting standard solutions - Filtration - Recrystallization - Melting-point determination - Measuring heat of neutralization - Measuring heat of solution - Determining pH - Determining reaction rates - Studying simple equilibrium systems For every experiment, understand: **Aim → Apparatus → Procedure → Observation → Calculation → Conclusion → Precautions** ## Quantitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis deals mainly with numerical determination of substances. ### Acid-Base Titration You should be able to use: - Standard acids - Standard alkalis - Appropriate indicators Important indicators include: - Methyl orange - Methyl red - Phenolphthalein Practise calculations involving: - Concentration - Molar mass - Water of crystallization - Solubility - Percentage purity - Stoichiometry ### Titration Apparatus Become familiar with: - Burette - Pipette - Conical flask - Volumetric flask - Measuring cylinder - Funnel Know how they are used correctly. ### Redox Titration The practical syllabus also includes redox-titration systems. You should understand the principles and calculations involved in oxidation-reduction titrations. ## Qualitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis requires you to identify substances through their characteristic reactions. No formal analytical scheme is required by the syllabus, but you should know the specified tests. ## Tests for Cations Study characteristic reactions involving: - NH₄⁺ - Ca²⁺ - Pb²⁺ - Cu²⁺ - Fe²⁺ - Fe³⁺ - Al³⁺ - Zn²⁺ Know their reactions with: - Dilute sodium hydroxide - Aqueous ammonia You should know: - Colour of precipitate - Solubility in excess reagent - Confirmatory test where required ## Tests for Anions Study tests for ions such as: - Cl⁻ - SO₃²⁻ - CO₃²⁻ - NO₃⁻ - SO₄²⁻ Know: - Reagent - Procedure - Observation - Confirmation ## Tests for Gases Know the characteristic tests for: - Hydrogen - Ammonia - Carbon dioxide - Hydrogen chloride - Sulphur dioxide Do not confuse the method of preparing a gas with the test used to identify it. ## Organic Compound Tests The practical syllabus includes characteristic tests involving: - Alkenes - Alkanols - Alkanoic acids - Reducing sugars - Starch - Proteins For every test, learn: - Reagent - Procedure - Observation - Inference ## Chemistry Calculations You Should Practise Chemistry contains a large amount of numerical work. You should practise calculations involving: - Relative atomic mass - Relative molecular mass - Percentage composition - Empirical formula - Molecular formula - Mole concept - Avogadro constant - Mass - Volume - Concentration - Dilution - Mole ratios - Percentage yield - Gas laws - pH - Titration - Solubility - Energy changes - Electrolysis - Electrode potentials For country-specific sections, additional calculation areas may include: - Half-life - pOH - Ka and Kb - Ksp - Rate constants - Reaction order - Kp and Kc - Bond energies ## Chemical Equations You Should Practise You should be comfortable writing and balancing: - Molecular equations - Ionic equations - Redox equations - Half equations - Combustion equations - Neutralization equations - Organic reaction equations - Electrolysis equations A chemical equation should have the correct: - Formulae - Stoichiometric coefficients - Charges where applicable - State symbols where required ## IUPAC Nomenclature The syllabus expects candidates to understand conventional and IUPAC nomenclature. Give particular attention to: - Ionic compounds - Organic compounds - Oxidation states - Functional groups Do not rely only on common names. ## Laboratory Safety Chemistry involves chemicals, glassware, heat and electrical equipment. You should understand laboratory safety throughout your practical preparation. Important habits include: - Following instructions - Handling acids and alkalis carefully - Avoiding direct inhalation of gases - Using apparatus correctly - Reading measurements properly - Keeping the work area organised - Reporting accidents immediately Whenever an experiment has a specific precaution, learn the reason for that precaution. ## How to Use the WAEC Chemistry Syllabus to Prepare ### Download the Complete Chemistry Syllabus Keep the PDF on your phone or computer and use it throughout your preparation. Do not treat the syllabus as something to check only shortly before the examination. ### Identify the Sections Applicable to You Every candidate studies Section A. Then use the appropriate additional section: - Ghana → Section B - Nigeria → Section C - Sierra Leone → Section C - Liberia → Section C - The Gambia → Section C This helps you avoid leaving out country-specific material. ### Build Your Calculation Skills Early Do not postpone calculations. Start with: - Relative masses - Mole concept - Equations - Stoichiometry - Concentration - Gas laws Then move to: - Titration - Solubility - Energetics - Electrochemistry Regular practice is more effective than memorising worked examples. ### Practise Equations Every Week Make chemical equations a regular part of your revision. Practise: - Balancing - Ionic equations - Redox equations - Organic equations Check your formulae before balancing. ### Connect Theory With Experiments If you study acids and bases, relate the topic to titration and indicators. If you study solubility, connect it with precipitation and qualitative analysis. If you study redox reactions, connect them with electrochemistry and redox titration. This makes Chemistry easier to understand as one connected subject. ### Practise Practical Chemistry Do not wait for the practical examination before revising laboratory work. Become familiar with: - Apparatus - Indicators - Titration - Ion tests - Gas tests - Organic tests - Observations ### Use Past Questions by Topic After studying a topic, answer previous questions from that area. For example: After Mole Concept → practise stoichiometry questions. After Acids and Bases → practise pH and titration questions. After Organic Chemistry → practise nomenclature and reaction questions. After Qualitative Analysis → practise ion-identification questions. This helps you identify your weak areas quickly. ## What Should You Focus on Most for WAEC Chemistry You should cover the complete syllabus, but make sure you are especially confident in: - Atomic Structure - Electron Configuration - Periodic Chemistry - Chemical Bonding - Mole Concept - Stoichiometry - Chemical Equations - Gas Laws - Energy Changes - Acids Bases and Salts - pH - Titration - Solubility - Chemical Kinetics - Equilibrium - Redox Reactions - Electrolysis - Organic Chemistry - Quantitative Analysis - Qualitative Analysis - Laboratory Tests For a more focused revision guide, see the [WAEC Chemistry Areas of Concentration 2027/2028](/waec-chemistry-areas-of-concentration/). You can also use the [WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects](/waec-areas-of-concentration-for-all-subjects/) to access the revision guides for your other subjects. ## Is Chemistry Compulsory in WAEC Chemistry is not compulsory for every WAEC candidate. You will take Chemistry if it is among the subjects selected during your registration. If you registered Chemistry, prepare for the objective, theory and practical components and make sure you study the country-specific section applicable to you. For registration information, see [WAEC Registration 2027 Form Fee Deadline and Guidelines](/waec-registration-form-fee-deadline-guidelines/). ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What Is the WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028? The WAEC Chemistry syllabus contains the topics, calculations, experiments and examination requirements you need to prepare for WASSCE Chemistry. ### Where Can I Download the WAEC Chemistry Syllabus PDF? Use the download button near the beginning of this article to save the complete Chemistry syllabus PDF to your phone, tablet or computer. ### How Many Papers Are in WAEC Chemistry? There are three papers: - Paper 1 - Paper 2 - Paper 3 ### How Many Questions Are in WAEC Chemistry Paper 1? Paper 1 contains **50 multiple-choice questions**. ### How Long Is WAEC Chemistry Paper 1? Paper 1 lasts **1 hour**. ### How Long Is WAEC Chemistry Paper 2? Paper 2 lasts **2 hours** and carries 100 marks. ### What Is in WAEC Chemistry Paper 2? Paper 2 contains short structured questions and longer questions drawn from both the common syllabus and the country-specific section applicable to the candidate. ### Is There Practical Chemistry in WAEC? Yes. School candidates take a practical paper lasting **2 hours**. Private candidates take an Alternative to Practical Work paper lasting **1 hour 30 minutes**. ### What Is Tested in WAEC Chemistry Practical? The practical examination covers: - Quantitative Analysis - Qualitative Analysis - Familiarity with Chemistry experiments and practical principles ### Is Titration Important in WAEC Chemistry? Yes. Acid-base titration is a major quantitative-analysis topic and can involve calculations on concentration, mole ratios, percentage purity and other analytical quantities. ### Is Qualitative Analysis Important? Yes. You should know the characteristic tests for specified cations, anions, gases and simple organic compounds. ### Does WAEC Chemistry Include Organic Chemistry? Yes. Organic Chemistry includes hydrocarbons, alkanols, alkanoic acids, esters, petroleum and other carbon compounds. ### Does WAEC Chemistry Include Calculations? Yes. Important calculation areas include stoichiometry, the mole concept, gas laws, concentration, titration, solubility, energy changes and electrolysis. ### Do All WAEC Countries Use Exactly the Same Chemistry Topics? All candidates study the common Section A. The syllabus then contains country-specific material. Section B applies to Ghana, while Section C applies to Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia. ### What Chemistry Section Should Nigerian Candidates Study? Nigerian candidates should study **Section A and Section C**. ### What Chemistry Section Should Ghanaian Candidates Study? Ghanaian candidates should study **Section A and Section B**. ### Should I Study Practical Chemistry From the Beginning? Yes. Practical skills are directly examined, so you should practise laboratory work alongside the corresponding theory topics. ### Where Can I Find the WAEC Chemistry Areas of Concentration? Use the [WAEC Chemistry Areas of Concentration 2027/2028](/waec-chemistry-areas-of-concentration/) guide to organise your Chemistry revision around the major topics and practical areas. ## Conclusion The **[WAEC](https://www.waecnigeria.org/) Chemistry Syllabus 2027/2028** gives you a complete roadmap for preparing for Chemistry in the WASSCE. The common syllabus covers Atomic Structure, Separation Techniques, Periodic Chemistry, Chemical Bonding, Stoichiometry, States of Matter, Energy Changes, Acids and Bases, Solubility, Chemical Kinetics, Equilibrium, Redox Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry and Polymers. You should then study the additional country-specific section that applies to you. Chemistry is best prepared through a combination of **theory, calculations and practical work**. Do not memorise equations without understanding the reaction. Do not read calculation examples without solving questions yourself. Do not study practical tests without learning the reagents, observations and conclusions. Use the complete syllabus as your main checklist, practise calculations and equations regularly, become familiar with laboratory procedures and answer WAEC past questions after completing each topic. **READ ALSO:** [WAEC Chemistry Areas of Concentration 2027/2028](/waec-chemistry-areas-of-concentration/) **READ ALSO:** [WAEC Syllabus 2027/2028 PDF Download for All Subjects](/waec-syllabus-for-all-subjects-pdf-download/) **READ:** [WAEC Areas of Concentration 2027/2028 for All Subjects](/waec-areas-of-concentration-for-all-subjects/) **ALSO READ:** [WAEC Timetable 2027](/waec-timetable-for-science-art-and-commercial/)